• Abdo AA, Beck P 2003 Diagnosis and management of microscopic colitis. Can. Fam. Physician 49: 1473-1478.

• Abreu MT 2005 Effectiveness of controlled-release budesonide in preserving bone mineral density in patients with Crohn's disease. Nat. Clin. Pract. Gastroenterol. Hepatol. 2: 210-211. *

• Aceves SS, Bastian JF, Newbury RO, Dohil R 2007 Oral viscous budesonide: a potential new therapy for eosinophilic esophagitis in children. Am. J. Gastroenterol. 102: 2271-2279. *

• Andus T, Gross V, Caesar I, Schulz HJ, Lochs H, Strohm WD, Gierend M, Weber A, Ewe K, Scholmerich J; German/Austrian Budesonide Study Group 2003 Replacement of conventional glucocorticoids by oral pH-modified release budesonide in active and inactive Crohn's disease: results of an open, prospective, multicenter trial. Dig. Dis. Sci. 48: 373-378. *

• Angulo P 2002 Use of ursodeoxycholic acid in patients with liver disease. Curr. Gastroenterol. Rep. 4: 37-44.

• Angulo P, Batts KP, Jorgensen RA, LaRusso NA, Lindor KD 2000 Oral budesonide in the treatment of primary sclerosing cholangitis. Am. J. Gastroenterol. 95: 2333-2337. *

• Angulo P, Jorgensen RA, Keach JC, Dickson ER, Smith C, Lindor KD 2000 Oral budesonide in the treatment of patients with primary biliary cirrhosis with a suboptimal response to ursodeoxycholic acid. Hepatology 31: 318-323. *

• Annese V, Latiano A, Rossi L, Lombardi G, Dallapiccola B, Serafini S, Damonte G, Andriulli A, Magnani M 2005 Erythrocytes-mediated delivery of dexamethasone in steroid-dependent IBD patients - a pilot uncontrolled study. Am. J. Gastroenterol. 100: 1370-1375. *

• Bajor A, Kilander A, Galman C, Rudling M, Ung KA 2006 Budesonide treatment is associated with increased bile acid absorption in collagenous colitis. Aliment. Pharmacol. Ther. 24: 1643-1649. *

• Barnes DS 2002 Intrahepatic cholestatic liver disease. http://www.clevelandclinicmeded.com/diseasemanagement/gastro/intrahepatic/intrahepatic1.htm.

• Barritt AS 4th, Zacks SL, Rubinas TC, Herfarth HH 2008 Oral budesonide for the therapy of post-liver transplant de novo inflammatory bowel disease: a case series and systematic review of the literature. Inflamm. Bowel Dis. Jul 10 [Epub ahead of print].

• Beaulieu DB, Ananthakrishnan AN, Issa M, Rosenbaum L, Skaros S, Newcomer JR, Kuhlmann RS, Otterson MF, Emmons J, Knox J, Binion DG 2008 Budesonide induction and maintenance therapy for Crohn's disease during pregnancy. Inflamm. Bowel Dis. Aug 4 [Epub ahead of print].

• Beltinger J, Froehlich F 2005 Patients with inflammatory bowel disease in specialist gastroenterology practice: a prospective survey. Schweiz. Rundsch. Med. Prax. 94: 459-465.

• Bergasa NV, Mason A, Floreani A, Heathcote J, Swain MG, Jones DE, Lindor KM, Bassendine MF, Worman HJ 2004 Primary biliary cirrhosis: report of a focus study group. Hepatology 40: 1013-1020. *

• Bernstein CN, Leslie WD 2005 Therapy insight: osteoporosis in inflammatory bowel disease - advances and retreats. Nat. Clin. Pract. Gastroenterol. Hepatol. 2: 232-239. *

• Bickston SJ, Comerford LW, Cominelli F 2003 Future therapies for inflammatory bowel disease. Curr. Gastroenterol. Rep. 5: 518-523.

• Bissonnette EY, Proulx LI, Turmel V, Drouin R, Purcell M 2004 PCT-233, a novel modulator of pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokine production. Clin. Exp. Immunol. 135: 440-447. *

• Bogaard HJ, Erkelens GW, Faber WR, de Vries PJ 2004 Cutaneous nocardiosis as an opportunistic infection. Ned. Tijdschr. Geneeskd. 148: 533-536.

• Bogdanos D, Pusl T, Rust C, Vergani D, Beuers U 2008 Primary biliary cirrhosis following Lactobacillus vaccination for recurrent vaginitis. J. Hepatol. 49: 466-473.

• Bousvaros A 2002 Blame Canada: growing questions about budesonide. Inflamm. Bowel Dis. 8: 235. *

• Brar P, Lee S, Lewis S, Egbuna I, Bhagat G, Green PH 2007 Budesonide in the treatment of refractory celiac disease. Am. J. Gastroenterol. 102: 2265-2269. *

• Casey J 2006 Successful treatment of inflammatory bowel disease with budesonide in clinical practice. Nat. Clin. Pract. Gastroenterol. Hepatol. 3: 185. *

• Chan EP, Lichtenstein GR 2006 Chemoprevention: risk reduction with medical therapy of inflammatory bowel disease. Gastroenterol. Clin. North Am. 35: 675-712.

• Chande N, McDonald J, Macdonald J 2008 Interventions for treating collagenous colitis. Cochrane Database Syst. Rev. 2: CD003575. *

• Chande N, McDonald J, Macdonald J 2006 Interventions for treating collagenous colitis. Cochrane Database Syst. Rev. 4: CD003575. *

• Chande N, McDonald J, MacDonald J 2004 Interventions for treating collagenous colitis. Cochrane Database Syst. Rev. 1: CD003575. *

• Chande N, McDonald J, Macdonald J 2008 Interventions for treating lymphocytic colitis. Cochrane Database Syst. Rev. 2: CD006096. *

• Chande N, McDonald J, Macdonald J, Chande N 2005 Interventions for treating collagenous colitis. Cochrane Database Syst. Rev. 4: CD003575. *

• Chande N, McDonald JW, Macdonald JK 2004 Interventions for treating collagenous colitis: a Cochrane inflammatory bowel disease group systematic review of randomized trials. Am. J. Gastroenterol. 99: 2459-2465. *

• Chapman RW 2003 The management of primary sclerosing cholangitis. Curr. Gastroenterol. Rep. 5: 9-17.

• Chen WD, Gluud C 2004 Glucocorticosteroids for primary sclerosing cholangitis. Cochrane Database Syst. Rev. 3: CD004036. *

• Chopra A, Pardi DS, Loftus EV Jr, Tremaine WJ, Egan LJ, Faubion WA, Hanson KA, Johnson TA, Sandborn WJ 2006 Budesonide in the treatment of inflammatory bowel disease: the first year of experience in clinical practice. Inflamm. Bowel Dis. 12: 29-32. *

• Cohen RD 2002 Evolving medical therapies for ulcerative colitis. Curr. Gastroenterol. Rep. 4: 497-505.

• Csepregi A, Rocken C, Treiber G, Malfertheiner P 2006 Budesonide induces complete remission in autoimmune hepatitis. World J. Gastroenterol. 12: 1362-1366. *

• Csepregi A, Treiber G, Rocken C, Malfertheiner P 2005 Acute exacerbation of autoimmune hepatitis induced by Twinrix. World J. Gastroenterol. 11: 4114-4116. *

• Czaja AJ 2006 Autoimmune liver disease. Curr. Opin. Gastroenterol. 22: 234-240.

• Czaja AJ 2007 Evolving concepts in the diagnosis, pathogenesis and treatment of autoimmune hepatitis. Minerva Gastroenterol. Dietol. 53: 43-78.

• Czaja AJ 2007 Autoimmune liver disease and rheumatic manifestations. Curr. Opin. Rheumatol. 19: 74-80.

• Czaja AJ 2001 Autoimmune liver disease. Curr. Opin. Gastroenterol. 17: 268-275.

• Czaja AJ 1999 Drug therapy in the management of type 1 autoimmune hepatitis. Drugs 57: 49-68.

• Czaja AJ 2006 Overlap syndrome of primary biliary cirrhosis and autoimmune hepatitis: a foray across diagnostic boundaries. J. Hepatol. 44: 251-252. *

• Czaja AJ, Bianchi FB, Carpenter HA, Krawitt EL, Lohse AW, Manns MP, McFarlane IG, Mieli-Vergani G, Toda G, Vergani D, Vierling J, Zeniya M 2005 Treatment challenges and investigational opportunities in autoimmune hepatitis. Hepatology 41: 207-215. *

• Czaja AJ, Lindor KD 2000 Failure of budesonide in a pilot study of treatment-dependent autoimmune hepatitis. Gastroenterology 119: 1312-1316. *

• D’Haens G 2005 Pratical use of steroids in IBD. Falk Symposium 146: GUT-LIVER INTERACTIONS: BASIC AND CLINICAL CONCEPTS, Innsbruck (Austria), March 11-12, 2005, p. 30. *

• Daneshjoo R, J Talley N 2002 Eosinophilic gastroenteritis. Curr. Gastroenterol. Rep. 4: 366-372.

• de Boer NK, van Nieuwkerk CM, Aparicio Pages MN, de Boer SY, Derijks LJ, Mulder CJ 2005 Promising treatment of autoimmune hepatitis with 6-thioguanine after adverse events on azathioprine. Eur. J. Gastroenterol. Hepatol. 17: 457-461.

• de Jong DJ, Bac DJ, Tan G, de Boer SY, Grabowsky IL, Jansen JB, Greinwald R, Naber TH 2007 Maintenance treatment with budesonide 6 mg versus 9 mg once daily in patients with Crohn's disease in remission. Neth. J. Med. 65: 339-345. *

• de la Iglesia Fanjul I, de Castro Losa MR, Izquierdo Garcia F 2007 Collagenous colitis. Clinicopathological study of 18 cases. Rev. Clin. Esp. 207: 394-398.

• De La Rue SA, Bickston SJ 2006 Evidence-based medications for the treatment of the inflammatory bowel diseases. Curr. Opin. Gastroenterol. 22: 365-369.

• De Vry CG, Prasad S, Komuves L, Lorenzana C, Parham C, Le T, Adda S, Hoffman J, Kahoud N, Garlapati R, Shyamsundar R, Mai K, Zhang J, Muchamuel T, Dajee M, Schryver B, McEvoy LM, Ehrhardt RO 2007 Non-viral delivery of nuclear factor-kappaB decoy ameliorates murine inflammatory bowel disease and restores tissue homeostasis. Gut 56: 524-533. *

• De Wachter E, Malfroot A, De Schutter I, Vanbesien J, De Schepper J 2003 Inhaled budesonide induced Cushing's syndrome in cystic fibrosis patients, due to drug inhibition of cytochrome P450. J. Cyst. Fibros. 2: 72-75.

• DeBenedet AT, Berg CL, Enfield KB, Woodford RL, Bennett AK, Northup PG 2008 A case of vanishing bile duct syndrome and IBD secondary to Hodgkin's lymphoma. Nat. Clin. Pract. Gastroenterol. Hepatol. 5: 49-53. *

• Delgado J, Delgado B, Fich A, Odes S 2004 Microscopic colitis. Isr. Med. Assoc. J. 6: 482-484.

• Dilger K, Alberer M, Busch A, Enninger A, Behrens R, Koletzko S, Stern M, Beckmann C, Gleiter CH 2006 Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamic action of budesonide in children with Crohn's disease. Aliment. Pharmacol. Ther. 23: 387-396. *

• Dilger K, Cascorbi I, Grunhage F, Hohenester S, Sauerbruch T, Beuers U 2006 Multidrug resistance 1 genotype and disposition of budesonide in early primary biliary cirrhosis. Liver Int. 26: 285-290. *

• Dilger K, Denk A, Heeg MH, Beuers U 2005 No relevant effect of ursodeoxycholic acid on cytochrome P450 3A metabolism in primary biliary cirrhosis. Hepatology 41: 595-602. *

• Dilger K, Fux R, Rock D, Morike K, Gleiter CH 2007 Effect of high-dose metronidazole on pharmacokinetics of oral budesonide and vice versa: a double drug interaction study. J. Clin. Pharmacol. 47: 1532-1539. *

• Dilger K, Schwab M, Fromm MF 2004 Identification of budesonide and prednisone as substrates of the intestinal drug efflux pump P-glycoprotein. Inflamm. Bowel Dis. 10: 578-583. *

• Dubinsky MC, Fleshner PP 2003 Treatment of Crohn's disease of inflammatory, stenotic, and fistulizing phenotypes. Curr. Treat. Options Gastroenterol. 6: 183-200.

• Ecker KW, Stallmach A, Loffler J, Greinwald R, Achenbach U 2005 Long-term treatment of high intestinal output syndrome with budesonide in patients with Crohn's disease and ileostomy. Dis. Colon Rectum 48: 237-242. *

• Edsbacker S, Andersson T 2004 Pharmacokinetics of budesonide (Entocort EC) capsules for Crohn's disease. Clin. Pharmacokinet. 43: 803-821.

• Ekstrom GM, Andersson SE 2000 Plasma exudation, hyperaemia, and epithelial permeability in rats with oxazolone-induced colitis: modulatory effects of budesonide. Scand. J. Gastroenterol. 35: 190-197. *

• Elnachef N, McMorris M, Chey WD 2007 Successful treatment of common variable immunodeficiency disorder-associated diarrhea with budesonide: a case report. Am. J. Gastroenterol. 102: 1322-1325. *

• Elriz K, Savoye G, Tamion F, Dechelotte P, Lerebours E 2008 Severe hypokaliemia and metabolic alkalosis in a Crohn's disease patient after budesonide treatment: evidence for intestinal secretion of potassium. Dig. Liver Dis. 40: 149-150.

• Ergang P, Leden P, Bryndova J, Zbankova S, Miksík I, Kment M, Pacha J 2008 Glucocorticoid availability in colonic inflammation of rat. Dig. Dis. Sci. 53: 2160-2167. *

• Escher JC; European Collaborative Research Group on Budesonide in Paediatric IBD 2004 Budesonide versus prednisolone for the treatment of active Crohn's disease in children: a randomized, double-blind, controlled, multicentre trial. Eur. J. Gastroenterol. Hepatol. 16: 47-54.

• Farkkila M, Rautiainen H, Karkkainen P, Karvonen AL, Nurmi H, Niemela O 2008 Serological markers for monitoring disease progression in noncirrhotic primary biliary cirrhosis on ursodeoxycholic acid therapy. Liver Int. 28: 787-797. *

• Feagan BG, Sandborn WJ 2002 Initial therapy for mild to moderate Crohn's disease: mesalamine or budesonide? Rev. Gastroenterol. Disord. 2 Suppl. 2: S9-S15. *

• Feagan BG, Sandborn WJ, Baker JP, Cominelli F, Sutherland LR, Elson CO, Salzberg BA, Archambault A, Bernstein CN, Lichtenstein GR, Heath PK, Cameron S, Hanauer SB 2005 A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of CDP571, a humanized monoclonal antibody to tumour necrosis factor-alpha, in patients with corticosteroid-dependent Crohn's disease. Aliment. Pharmacol. Ther. 21: 373-384. *

• Feagan BG, Sandborn WJ, Lichtenstein G, Radford-Smith G, Patel J, Innes A 2006 CDP571, a humanized monoclonal antibody to tumour necrosis factor-alpha, for steroid-dependent Crohn's disease: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Aliment. Pharmacol. Ther. 23: 617-628. *

• Fedorak RN, Bistritz L 2005 Targeted delivery, safety, and efficacy of oral enteric-coated formulations of budesonide. Adv. Drug Deliv. Rev. 57: 303-316. *

• Fredin MF, Ulfhammer E, Rhedin M, Melgar S, Mellgard B, Peterson A 2005 Anti-inflammatory effects of budesonide in intestinal epithelial cells. Pharmacol. Res. 52: 422-428. *

• Froehlich F, Juillerat P, Felley C, Mottet C, Vader JP, Burnand B, Michetti P, Gonvers JJ 2005 Treatment of postoperative Crohn's disease. Digestion 71: 49-53.

• Froehlich F, Juillerat P, Pittet V, Felley C, Mottet C, Vader JP, Michetti P, Gonvers JJ 2007 Maintenance of surgically induced remission of Crohn's disease. Digestion 76: 130-135.

• Geier A, Gartung C, Dietrich CG, Wasmuth HE, Reinartz P, Matern S 2003 Side effects of budesonide in liver cirrhosis due to chronic autoimmune hepatitis: influence of hepatic metabolism versus portosystemic shunts on a patient complicated with HCC. World J. Gastroenterol. 9: 2681-2685. *

• Gionchetti P, Amadini C, Rizzello F, Venturi A, Campieri M 2002 Review article: treatment of mild to moderate ulcerative colitis and pouchitis. Aliment. Pharmacol. Ther. 16 Suppl. 4: 13-19. *

• Gionchetti P, Rizzello F, Habal F, Morselli C, Amadini C, Romagnoli R, Campieri M 2003 Standard treatment of ulcerative colitis. Dig. Dis. 21: 157-167.

• Gionchetti P, Rizzello F, Morselli C, Campieri M 2004 Problematic proctitis and distal colitis. Aliment. Pharmacol. Ther. 20 Suppl. 4: 93-96. *

• Gionchetti P, Rizzello F, Poggioli G, Pierangeli F, Laureti S, Morselli C, Tambasco R, Calabrese C, Campieri M 2007 Oral budesonide in the treatment of chronic refractory pouchitis. Aliment. Pharmacol. Ther. 25: 1231-1236. *

• Girardin M, Waschke KA, Seidman EG 2007 A case of acute loss of vision as the presenting symptom of Crohn's disease. Nat. Clin. Pract. Gastroenterol. Hepatol. 4: 695-698. *

• Girschick HJ, Zimmer C, Klaus G, Darge K, Dick A, Morbach H 2007 Chronic recurrent multifocal osteomyelitis: what is it and how should it be treated? Nat. Clin. Pract. Rheumatol. 3: 733-738. *

• Greenberg GR, Feagan BG, Martin F, Sutherland LR, Thomson AB, Williams CN, Nilsson LG, Persson T 1996 Oral budesonide as maintenance treatment for Crohn's disease: a placebo-controlled, dose-ranging study. Canadian Inflammatory Bowel Disease Study Group. Gastroenterology 110: 45-51. *

• Griga T, Tromm A, Schmiegel W, Pfisterer O, Muller KM, Brasch F 2004 Collagenous colitis: implications for the role of vascular endothelial growth factor in repair mechanisms. Eur. J. Gastroenterol. Hepatol. 16: 397-402.

• Gross V 2008 Oral pH-modified release budesonide for treatment of inflammatory bowel disease, collagenous and lymphocytic colitis. Expert Opin. Pharmacother. 9: 1257-1265.

• Gupta M, Bhargava HN 2006 Development and validation of a high-performance liquid chromatographic method for the analysis of budesonide. J. Pharm. Biomed. Anal. 40: 423-428.

• Hammond A, Andus T, Gierend M, Ecker KW, Scholmerich J, Herfarth H; German Budesonide Foam Study Group 2004 Controlled, open, randomized multicenter trial comparing the effects of treatment on quality of life, safety and efficacy of budesonide foam and betamethasone enemas in patients with active distal ulcerative colitis. Hepatogastroenterology 51: 1345-1349.

• Hanauer S, Sandborn WJ, Persson A, Persson T 2005 Budesonide as maintenance treatment in Crohn's disease: a placebo-controlled trial. Aliment. Pharmacol. Ther. 21: 363-371. *

• Hanauer SB 2005 A BALANCING VIEW: lifetime channeling of infliximab for Crohn's disease. Am. J. Gastroenterol. 100: 1438-1439. *

• Hanauer SB 1999 Medical therapy for Crohn's disease. Curr. Opin. Gastroenterol. 15: 308.

• Hempfling W, Grunhage F, Dilger K, Reichel C, Beuers U, Sauerbruch T 2003 Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamic action of budesonide in early- and late-stage primary biliary cirrhosis. Hepatology 38: 196-202. *

• Herfarth H 2006 Therapy of IBD: bottom-up or top-down? Falk Symposium 154: INFLAMMATORY BOWEL DISEASE - DIAGNOSTIC AND THERAPEUTIC STRATEGIES, Moscow (Russia), June 9 - 10, 2006, pp. 56-57. *

• Herfarth H, Gross V, Andus T, Caesar I, Vogelsang H, Adler G, Malchow H, Petri A, Gierend M, Scholmerich J 2004 Analysis of the therapeutic efficacy of different doses of budesonide in patients with active Crohn's ileocolitis depending on disease activity and localization. Int. J. Colorectal Dis. 19: 147-152. *

• Heuschkel R, Salvestrini C, Beattie RM, Hildebrand H, Walters T, Griffiths A 2008 Guidelines for the management of growth failure in childhood inflammatory bowel disease. Inflamm. Bowel Dis. 14: 839-849.

• Hofer KN 2003 Oral budesonide in the management of Crohn's disease. Ann. Pharmacother. 37: 1457-1464.

• Holtmeier J, Leuschner U 2001 Medical treatment of primary biliary cirrhosis and primary sclerosing cholangitis. Digestion 64: 137-150. *

• Irvine EJ, Greenberg GR, Feagan BG, Martin F, Sutherland LR, Thomson AB, Nilsson LG, Persson T 2000 Quality of life rapidly improves with budesonide therapy for active Crohn's disease. Canadian Inflammatory Bowel Disease Study Group. Inflamm. Bowel Dis. 6: 181-187. *

• Irving PM, Gearry RB, Sparrow MP, Gibson PR 2007 Review article: appropriate use of corticosteroids in Crohn's disease. Aliment. Pharmacol. Ther. 26: 313-329. *

• Juillerat P, Pittet V, Felley C, Mottet C, Froehlich F, Vader JP, Gonvers JJ, Michetti P 2007 Drug safety in Crohn's disease therapy. Digestion 76: 161-168.

• Jung D, Fantin AC, Scheurer U, Fried M, Kullak-Ublick GA 2004 Human ileal bile acid transporter gene ASBT (SLC10A2) is transactivated by the glucocorticoid receptor. Gut 53: 78-84. *

• Kane SV, Schoenfeld P, Sandborn WJ, Tremaine W, Hofer T, Feagan BG 2002 The effectiveness of budesonide therapy for Crohn's disease. Aliment. Pharmacol. Ther. 16: 1509-1517. *

• Kennedy ED, To T, Steinhart AH, Detsky A, Llewellyn-Thomas HA, McLeod RS 2008 Do patients consider postoperative maintenance therapy for Crohn's disease worthwhile? Inflamm. Bowel Dis. 14: 224-235.

• Kirwan JR, Hickey SH, Hallgren R, Mielants H, Bjorck E, Persson T, Wollheim FA 2006 The effect of therapeutic glucocorticoids on the adrenal response in a randomized controlled trial in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Rheum. 54: 1415-1421. *

• Kis K, Bodai L, Polyanka H, Eder K, Pivarcsi A, Duda E, Soos G, Bata-Csorgo Z, Kemeny L 2006 Budesonide, but not tacrolimus, affects the immune functions of normal human keratinocytes. Int. Immunopharmacol. 6: 358-368.

• Klein S, Stein J, Dressman J 2005 Site-specific delivery of anti-inflammatory drugs in the gastrointestinal tract: an in-vitro release model. J. Pharm. Pharmacol. 57: 709-719.

• Klotz U, Schwab M 2005 Topical delivery of therapeutic agents in the treatment of inflammatory bowel disease. Adv. Drug Deliv. Rev. 57: 267-279. *

• Kolkman JJ, Mollmann HW, Mollmann AC, Pena AS, Greinwald R, Tauschel HD, Hochhaus G 2004 Evaluation of oral budesonide in the treatment of active distal ulcerative colitis. Drugs Today (Barc.) 40: 589-601.

• Kozuch PL, Hanauer SB 2008 Treatment of inflammatory bowel disease: a review of medical therapy. World J. Gastroenterol. 14: 354-377. *

• Krishnamachari Y, Madan P, Lin S 2007 Development of pH- and time-dependent oral microparticles to optimize budesonide delivery to ileum and colon. Int. J. Pharm. 338: 238-247. *

• Kruis W 2005 Crohn's disease - standards of treatment 2004. Schweiz. Rundsch. Med. Prax. 94: 1595-1598.

• Lakatos L, Lakatos PL 2007 Medical therapy of inflammatory bowel diseases: Crohn's disease. Orv. Hetil. 148: 1107-1114.

• Lang KA 1999 Rectal budesonide for ulcerative colitis: bottoms up! Inflamm. Bowel Dis. 5: 312-313. *

• Lang KA, Peppercorn MA 1999 Promising new agents for the treatment of inflammatory bowel disorders. Drugs R. D. 1: 237-244.

• Lazenby AJ 2005 Collagenous and lymphocytic colitis. Semin. Diagn. Pathol. 22: 295-300.

• Leiper K, Martin K, Ellis A, Watson AJ, Morris AI, Rhodes JM 2008 Clinical trial: randomised placebo-controlled study of clarithromycin in active Crohn's disease. Aliment. Pharmacol. Ther. 27: 1233-1239. *

• Lemann M 2006 Review article: can post-operative recurrence in Crohn's disease be prevented? Aliment. Pharmacol. Ther. 24 Suppl. 3: 22-28. *

• Lemann M 2007 Treatment of chronic inflammatory bowel diseases. Bull. Acad. Natl. Med. 191: 1125-1141.

• Lemann M, Allez M 2005 Strategies for treatment of inflammatory bowel disease. Rev. Prat. 55: 984-992.

• Leuschner M, Maier KP, Schlichting J, Strahl S, Herrmann G, Dahm HH, Ackermann H, Happ J, Leuschner U 1999 Oral budesonide and ursodeoxycholic acid for treatment of primary biliary cirrhosis: results of a prospective double-blind trial. Gastroenterology 117: 918-925. *

• Leuschner U 2003 Combination therapy in primary biliary cirrhosis and overlap syndromes. Falk Symposium 136. XII FALK LIVER WEEK 2003 (Part I) In Honour of Hans Popper’s 100th Birthday. Cholestatic Liver Diseases: Therapeutical Options and Perspectives. Freiburg (Germany). p. 52-53. October 15-16. *

• Leuschner U 2004 Novel approach to the treatment of primary biliary cirrhosis (PBC). Falk Symposium 142: GASTROENTEROLOGY WEEK FREIBURG 2004 (Part I) AUTOIMMUNE LIVER DISEASE, Freiburg (Germany), October 12 - 13, 2004, pp. 79-80. *

• Levy C, Lindor KD 2003 Current management of primary biliary cirrhosis and primary sclerosing cholangitis. J. Hepatol. 38: S24-S37. *

• Levy C, Lindor KD 2003 Treatment options for primary biliary cirrhosis and primary sclerosing cholangitis. Curr. Treat. Options Gastroenterol. 6: 93-103.

• Lichtenstein GR 2001 Approach to corticosteroid-dependent and corticosteroid-refractory Crohn's disease. Inflamm. Bowel Dis. 7 Suppl. 1: S23-S29. *

• Lichtenstein GR, Abreu MT, Cohen R, Tremaine W 2006 American Gastroenterological Association Institute medical position statement on corticosteroids, immunomodulators, and infliximab in inflammatory bowel disease. Gastroenterology 130: 935-939. *

• Linehan JD, Kolios G, Valatas V, Robertson DA, Westwick J 2005 The effect of corticosteroids on nitric oxide production in inflammatory bowel disease: are leukocytes the site of action? Am. J. Physiol. Gastrointest. Liver Physiol. 288: G261-G267. *

• Lofberg R, Rutgeerts P, Malchow H, Lamers C, Danielsson A, Olaison G, Jewell D, Ostergaard Thomsen O, Lorenz-Meyer H, Goebell H, Hodgson H, Persson T, Seidegard C 1996 Budesonide prolongs time to relapse in ileal and ileocaecal Crohn's disease. A placebo controlled one year study. Gut 39: 82-86. *

• Lyckegaard E, Hakansson K, Bengtsson B 2007 Budesonide in Crohn's disease: findings of a compassionate-use program. Hepatogastroenterology 54: 2024-2027.

• Mahadevan U, Sandborn WJ 2001 Evolving medical therapies for Crohn's disease. Curr. Gastroenterol. Rep. 3: 471-476.

• Maier A, Zimmermann C, Beglinger C, Drewe J, Gutmann H 2007 Effects of budesonide on P-glycoprotein expression in intestinal cell lines. Br. J. Pharmacol. 150: 361-368. *

• Malik M, Tobin AM, Shanahan F, O'Morain C, Kirby B, Bourke J 2007 Steroid allergy in patients with inflammatory bowel disease. Br. J. Dermatol. 157: 967-969. *

• Mangone M, Spagnolo A, Capurso G, Marignani M, Panzuto F, Angeletti S, Ruggeri M, Mene P, Delle Fave G 2007 Rhabdomyolysis due to severe hypokaliemia in a Crohn's disease patient after budesonide treatment. Dig. Liver Dis. 39: 776-779.

• Manns MP, Wiegand J 2004 Novel approaches to the treatment of autoimmune hepatitis. Falk Symposium 142: GASTROENTEROLOGY WEEK FREIBURG 2004 (Part I) AUTOIMMUNE LIVER DISEASE, Freiburg (Germany), October 12 - 13, 2004, pp. 67-70. *

• Mantzaris GJ, Petraki K, Sfakianakis M, Archavlis E, Christidou A, Chadio-Iordanides H, Triadaphyllou G 2003 Budesonide versus mesalamine for maintaining remission in patients refusing other immunomodulators for steroid-dependent Crohn's disease. Clin. Gastroenterol. Hepatol. 1: 122-128. *

• Marin-Jimenez I, Pena AS 2006 Budesonide for ulcerative colitis. Rev. Esp. Enferm. Dig. 98: 362-373. *

• Martins EB, Chapman RW 2001 Sclerosing cholangitis. Curr. Opin. Gastroenterol. 17: 458-462.

• Maser EA, Present DH 2008 Pouch-ouch. Curr. Opin. Gastroenterol. 24: 70-74.

• Matzke GM, Kang AS, Dozois EJ, Sandborn WJ 2004 Mid pouch strictureplasty for Crohn's disease after ileal pouch-anal anastomosis: an alternative to pouch excision. Dis. Colon Rectum 47: 782-786. *

• Menozzi A, Pozzoli C, Poli E, Lazzaretti M, Cantoni A, Grandi D, Giovannini E, Coruzzi G 2005 Effect of the macrolide antibacterial drug, tylosin, on TNBS-induced colitis in the rat. Pharmacology 74: 128-135.

• Michaels A, Levy C 2008 The medical management of primary sclerosing cholangitis. Medscape J. Med. 10: 61.

• Michetti P, Juillerat P, Mottet C, Gonvers JJ, Burnand B, Vader JP, Froehlich F, Felley C 2005 Therapy of mild to moderate luminal Crohn's disease. Digestion 71: 13-18.

• Michetti P, Juillerat P, Mottet C, Pittet V, Gonvers JJ, Vader JP, Froehlich F, Felley C 2007 Mild-to-moderate active luminal Crohn's disease. Digestion 76: 92-98.

• Mottet C, Juillerat P, Pittet V, Gonvers JJ, Froehlich F, Vader JP, Michetti P, Felley C 2007 Pregnancy and breastfeeding in patients with Crohn's disease. Digestion 76: 149-160.

• Mow WS, Landers CJ, Steinhart AH, Feagan BG, Croitoru K, Seidman E, Greenberg GR, Targan SR 2004 High-level serum antibodies to bacterial antigens are associated with antibiotic-induced clinical remission in Crohn's disease: a pilot study. Dig. Dis. Sci. 49: 1280-1286. *

• Mulder CJ, Tytgat GN 1993 Review article: topical corticosteroids in inflammatory bowel disease. Aliment. Pharmacol. Ther. 7: 125-130.

• Mutlu EA, Farhadi A, Keshavarzian A 2002 New developments in the treatment of inflammatory bowel disease. Expert Opin. Investig. Drugs 11: 365-385.

• Navarro F, Hanauer SB 2003 Treatment of inflammatory bowel disease: safety and tolerability issues. Am. J. Gastroenterol. 98: S18-S23. *

• Noble I, Brown R, Danielsson A, Ericsson K, Floren CH, Hertzman P, Lofberg R 1998 Cost-effectiveness of budesonide controlled ileal release (CIR) capsules as maintenance therapy versus no maintenance therapy for ileocaecal Crohn's disease in Sweden. Clin. Drug Investig. 15: 123-136.

• Nugent SG, Kumar D, Rampton DS, Evans DF 2001 Intestinal luminal pH in inflammatory bowel disease: possible determinants and implications for therapy with aminosalicylates and other drugs. Gut 48: 571-577. *

• Nyhlin N, Bohr J, Eriksson S, Tysk C 2008 Microscopic colitis: a common and an easily overlooked cause of chronic diarrhoea. Eur. J. Intern. Med. 19: 181-186.

• Nyhlin N, Bohr J, Eriksson S, Tysk C 2006 Systematic review: microscopic colitis. Aliment. Pharmacol. Ther. 23: 1525-1534. *

• Olesen M, Eriksson S, Bohr J, Jarnerot G, Tysk C 2004 Lymphocytic colitis: a retrospective clinical study of 199 Swedish patients. Gut 53: 536-541. *

• Otley A, Steinhart A, Otley A 2005 Budesonide for induction of remission in Crohn's disease. Cochrane Database Syst. Rev. 4: CD000296. *

• Pagan B, Erdozain JC, Comas C, Martin-Chavarri S, Lopez M, Gomez-Cerezo JF 2006 Budesonide combined with ursodeoxycholic acid in primary biliary cirrhosis with advanced liver damage. Eur. J. Intern. Med. 17: 508-510.

• Palmen MJ, Dieleman LA, Soesatyo M, Pena AS, Meuwissen SG, van Rees EP 1998 Effects of local budesonide treatment on the cell-mediated immune response in acute and relapsing colitis in rats. Dig. Dis. Sci. 43: 2518-2525. *

• Panaccione R; Canadian Consensus Group on the use of infliximab in Crohn's disease 2001 Infliximab for the treatment of Crohn's disease: review and indications for clinical use in Canada. Can. J. Gastroenterol. 15: 371-375.

• Pilichos C, Preza A, Demonakou M, Kapatsoris D, Bouras C 2005 Topical budesonide for treating giant rectal pseudopolyposis. Anticancer Res. 25: 2961-2964.

• Plevy SE 2002 Corticosteroid-sparing treatments in patients with Crohn's disease. Am. J. Gastroenterol. 97: 1607-1617. *

• Pohl C, Eidt S, Kruis W 2005 Microscopic colitis. Dtsch. Med. Wochenschr. 130: 1962-1967.

• Poupon R 2005 Primary biliary cirrhosis: clinical aspects. Falk Symposium 146: GUT-LIVER INTERACTIONS: BASIC AND CLINICAL CONCEPTS, Innsbruck (Austria), March 11-12, 2005, pp. 62-63. *

• Prall RT, Lindor KD, Wiesner RH, LaRusso NF 2000 Current therapies and clinical controversies in the management of primary sclerosing cholangitis. Curr. Gastroenterol. Rep. 2: 99-103.

• Prelipcean CC, Mihai C, Stefanescu C, Drug VL 2004 Autoimmune hepatitis: new diagnostic and therapeutic aproach. Rev. Med. Chir. Soc. Med. Nat. Iasi. 108: 32-39.

• Rachmilewitz D 2004 Therapeutic strategy in ulcerative colitis. Falk Symposium 140. Inflammatory Bowel Disease: Translation from Basic Research to Clinical Practice. Dubrovnik (Croatia). p. 84. May 7-8. *

• Rammert Ch, Kullak-Ublick GA 2003 Management of ulcerative colitis. Ther. Umsch. 60: 145-150.

• Rautiainen H, Farkkila M, Neuvonen M, Sane T, Karvonen AL, Nurmi H, Karkkainen P, Neuvonen PJ, Backman JT 2006 Pharmacokinetics and bone effects of budesonide in primary biliary cirrhosis. Aliment. Pharmacol. Ther. 24: 1545-1552. *

• Rautiainen H, Karkkainen P, Karvonen A-L, Nurmi H, Farkkila M 2004 Safety and efficacy of budesonide combined with ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA) in the treatement of PBC: results of a 3 year controlled study. Falk Symposium 141. XVIII International Bile Acid Meeting: Bile Acid Biology and its Therapeutic Implications. Stockholm (Sweden). p. 70. June 18-19. *

• Rautiainen H, Karkkainen P, Karvonen AL, Nurmi H, Pikkarainen P, Nuutinen H, Farkkila M 2005 Budesonide combined with UDCA to improve liver histology in primary biliary cirrhosis: a three-year randomized trial. Hepatology 41: 747-752. *

• Robinson M 1997 Optimizing therapy for inflammatory bowel disease. Am. J. Gastroenterol. 92: 12S-17S.

• Robinson M 1998 Medical therapy of inflammatory bowel disease for the 21st century. Eur. J. Surg. Suppl. 582: 90-98.

• Roesler J, Thurigen A, Sun L, Koch R, Winkler U, Laass MW, Gahr M, Rosen-Wolff A, Henker J 2005 Influence of CARD15 mutations on disease activity and response to therapy in 65 pediatric Crohn patients from Saxony, Germany. J. Pediatr. Gastroenterol. Nutr. 41: 27-32. *

• Rosenthal P 2000 Digestive disease week 2000. American association for the study of liver diseases. IDrugs 3: 868-871.

• Ross WA, Couriel D 2005 Colonic graft-versus-host disease. Curr. Opin. Gastroenterol. 21: 64-69.

• Rust C, Beuers U 2005 Medical treatment of primary biliary cirrhosis and primary sclerosing cholangitis. Clin. Rev. Allergy Immunol. 28: 135-146. *

• Rutgeerts P 1998 The use of oral topically acting glucocorticosteroids in the treatment of inflammatory bowel disease. Mediators Inflamm. 7: 137-140. *

• Rutgeerts P 2001 The use of budesonide in the treatment of active Crohn's disease is good clinical practice. Inflamm. Bowel Dis. 7: 60-61.

• Rutgeerts PJ 2001 Conventional treatment of Crohn's disease: objectives and outcomes. Inflamm. Bowel Dis. 7 Suppl. 1: S2-S8. *

• Rutherford AE, Pratt DS 2006 Cholestasis and cholestatic syndromes. Curr. Opin. Gastroenterol. 22: 209-214.

• Sandborn WJ 2000 Therapy for Crohn disease. Curr. Opin. Gastroenterol. 16: 318-323.

• Sandborn WJ 2003 Evidence-based treatment algorithm for mild to moderate Crohn's disease. Am. J. Gastroenterol. 98: S1-S5. *

• Sandborn WJ 2000 Steroid-dependent Crohn's disease. Can. J. Gastroenterol. 14 Suppl. C: 17C-22C.

• Sandborn WJ, Feagan BG 2003 Review article: mild to moderate Crohn's disease - defining the basis for a new treatment algorithm. Aliment. Pharmacol. Ther. 18: 263-277. *

• Sandborn WJ, Feagan BG, Lichtenstein GR 2007 Medical management of mild to moderate Crohn's disease: evidence-based treatment algorithms for induction and maintenance of remission. Aliment. Pharmacol. Ther. 26: 987-1003. *

• Sandborn WJ, Lofberg R, Feagan BG, Hanauer SB, Campieri M, Greenberg GR 2005 Budesonide for maintenance of remission in patients with Crohn's disease in medically induced remission: a predetermined pooled analysis of four randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trials. Am. J. Gastroenterol. 100: 1780-1787. *

• Sandhu BS, Luketic VA 2006 Management of primary sclerosing cholangitis. Gastroenterology & Hepatology 2: 843-849. *

• Schiller LR 2004 Diagnosis and management of microscopic colitis syndrome. J. Clin. Gastroenterol. 38: S27-S30.

• Scholmerich J 2004 Systemic and topical steroids in inflammatory bowel disease. Aliment. Pharmacol. Ther. 20 Suppl. 4: 66-74. *

• Schoon EJ 2007 Budesonide: a useful tool in the maintenance treatment of Crohn's disease? Neth. J. Med. 65: 316-317. *

• Schoon EJ, Bollani S, Mills PR, Israeli E, Felsenberg D, Ljunghall S, Persson T, Hapten-White L, Graffner H, Bianchi Porro G, Vatn M, Stockbrugger RW 2005 Bone mineral density in relation to efficacy and side effects of budesonide and prednisolone in Crohn's disease. Clin. Gastroenterol. Hepatol. 3: 113-121. *

• Schreibman I, Regev A 2006 Recurrent primary biliary cirrhosis after liver transplantation - the disease and its management. MedGenMed. 8: 30.

• Scribano M, Prantera C 2003 Review article: medical treatment of moderate to severe Crohn's disease. Aliment. Pharmacol. Ther. 17 Suppl. 2: 23-30.

• Sellin JH 2007 A practical approach to treating patients with chronic diarrhea. Rev. Gastroenterol. Disord. 7 Suppl. 3: S19-S26.

• Seow CH, Benchimol EI, Griffiths AM, Otley AR, Steinhart AH 2008 Budesonide for induction of remission in Crohn's disease. Cochrane Database Syst. Rev. 3: CD000296. *

• Simms L, Steinhart AH 2001 Budesonide for maintenance of remission in Crohn's disease. Cochrane Database Syst. Rev. 1: CD002913. *

• Simonoska Crcarevska M, Glavas Dodov M, Goracinova K 2008 Chitosan coated Ca-alginate microparticles loaded with budesonide for delivery to the inflamed colonic mucosa. Eur. J. Pharm. Biopharm. 68: 565-578.

• Sole K 2006 Budesonide in the treatment of autoimmune hepatitis. Nat. Clin. Pract. Gastroenterol. Hepatol. 3: 8. *

• Soloway RD, Hewlett AT 2007 The medical treatment for autoimmune hepatitis through corticosteroid to new immunosuppressive agents: a concise review. Ann. Hepatol. 6: 204-207. *

• Steinhart A, Ewe K, Griffiths A, Modigliani R, Thomsen O 2003 Corticosteroids for maintenance of remission in Crohn's disease. Cochrane Database Syst. Rev. 4: CD000301. *

• Steinhart H 2000 Maintenance therapy in Crohn's disease. Can. J. Gastroenterol. 14 Suppl. C: 23C-28C.

• Strassburg CP 2005 Autoimmune liver diseases. Falk Symposium 146: GUT-LIVER INTERACTIONS: BASIC AND CLINICAL CONCEPTS, Innsbruck (Austria), March 11-12, 2005, pp. 66-70. *

• Stroehlein JR 2004 Microscopic colitis. Curr. Opin. Gastroenterol. 20: 27-31.

• Stroup ST, Behrend EN, Kemppainen RJ, Smith-Carr S 2006 Effects of oral administration of controlled-ileal-release budesonide and assessment of pituitary-adrenocortical axis suppression in clinically normal dogs. Am. J. Vet. Res. 67: 1173-1178.

• Sutherland LR 2000 Prevention of relapse of Crohn's disease. Inflamm. Bowel Dis. 6: 321-328. *

• Sutherland LR 2001 Budesonide: is no evidence of a difference the same as evidence of no difference? Inflamm. Bowel Dis. 7: 58-59. *

• Tanoue T, Nishitani Y, Kanazawa K, Hashimoto T, Mizuno M 2008 In vitro model to estimate gut inflammation using co-cultured Caco-2 and RAW264.7 cells. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 374: 565-569. *

• Thiesen A, Tappenden KA, McBurney MI, Clandinin MT, Keelan M, Thomson BK, Drozdowski LA, Wild G, Thomson AB 2008 Dietary lipids alter the effect of steroids on the transport of fructose following intestinal resection in rats. Dig. Dis. Sci. 53: 2126-2139. *

• Trauner M, Boyer JL 2004 Cholestatic syndromes. Curr. Opin. Gastroenterol. 20: 220-230.

• Tremaine WJ, Hanauer SB, Katz S, Winston BD, Levine JG, Persson T, Persson A; Budesonide CIR United States Study Group 2002 Budesonide CIR capsules (once or twice daily divided-dose) in active Crohn's disease: a randomized placebo-controlled study in the United States. Am. J. Gastroenterol. 97: 1748-1754. *

• Tumulty JW, Broussard JD, Steiner JM, Peterson ME, Williams DA 2004 Clinical effects of short-term oral budesonide on the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis in dogs with inflammatory bowel disease. J. Am. Anim. Hosp. Assoc. 40: 120-123.

• Tursi A, Giorgetti GM, Brandimarte G, Elisei W 2007 Safety and effectiveness of long-term budesonide treatment in maintaining remission in patients with mild-to-moderate Crohn's disease. Inflamm. Bowel Dis. 13: 1184-1186. *

• Tursi A, Giorgetti GM, Brandimarte G, Elisei W, Aiello F 2006 Beclomethasone dipropionate for the treatment of mild-to-moderate Crohn's disease: an open-label, budesonide-controlled, randomized study. Med. Sci. Monit. 12: PI29-PI32. *

• Ufer M, Dilger K, Leschhorn L, Daufresne L, Mosyagin I, Rosenstiel P, Haesler R, Kuehbacher T, Nikolaus S, Schreiber S, Cascorbi I 2008 Influence of CYP3A4, CYP3A5, and ABCB1 genotype and expression on budesonide pharmacokinetics: a possible role of intestinal CYP3A4 expression. Clin. Pharmacol. Ther. 84: 43-46. *

• van Buuren HR 2003 Ursodeoxycholic acid: high-dose, mono- or combination therapy? Falk Symposium 136. XII FALK LIVER WEEK 2003 (Part I) In Honour of Hans Popper’s 100th Birthday. Cholestatic Liver Diseases: Therapeutical Options and Perspectives. Freiburg (Germany). p. 83. October 15-16. *

• van Dieren JM, Kuipers EJ, Samsom JN, Nieuwenhuis EE, van der Woude CJ 2006 Revisiting the immunomodulators tacrolimus, methotrexate, and mycophenolate mofetil: their mechanisms of action and role in the treatment of IBD. Inflamm. Bowel Dis. 12: 311-327. *

• Van Gossum A, Franchimont D, Sternon J 2002 Crohn's disease. Rev. Med. Brux. 23: 35-42.

• van Hoogstraten HJ, Vleggaar FP, Boland GJ, van Steenbergen W, Griffioen P, Hop WC, van Hattum J, van Berge Henegouwen GP, Schalm SW, van Buuren HR 2000 Budesonide or prednisone in combination with ursodeoxycholic acid in primary sclerosing cholangitis: a randomized double-blind pilot study. Belgian-Dutch PSC Study Group. Am. J. Gastroenterol. 95: 2015-2022. *

• Varilek GW 2000 Budesonide: not for the long haul. Inflamm. Bowel Dis. 6: 154-155. *

• Varshosaz J, Emami J, Tavakoli N, Fassihi A, Minaiyan M, Ahmadi F, Dorkoosh F 2008 Synthesis and evaluation of dextran-budesonide conjugates as colon specific prodrugs for treatment of ulcerative colitis. Int. J. Pharm. Aug 30 [Epub ahead of print].

• Vierling JM, Flores PA 2002 Evolving new therapies of autoimmune hepatitis. Clin. Liver Dis. 6: 537-562, ix.

• Vihinen MK, Raivio T, Verkasalo M, Janne OA, Kolho KL 2008 Circulating glucocorticoid bioactivity during peroral glucocorticoid treatment in children and adolescents with inflammatory bowel disease. J. Clin. Gastroenterol. May 15 [Epub ahead of print].

• Weidenhiller M, Muller S, Schwab D, Hahn EG, Raithel M, Winterkamp S 2005 Microscopic (collagenous and lymphocytic) colitis triggered by food allergy. Gut 54: 312-313. *

• Weigand K, Wagner-Thiessen E, Stolte M 2004 Esophagitis in an adolescent patient with Crohn's disease after changing treatment from prednisolone to budesonide. Z. Gastroenterol. 42: 1179-1181.

• Wiedermann CJ, Zelger A 2007 Lymphocytic colitis in a patient with psoriasis responsive to budesonide. Scand. J. Gastroenterol. 42: 538-539. *

• Zandieh I, Krygier D, Wong V, Howard J, Worobetz L, Minuk G, Witt-Sullivan H, Yoshida EM 2008 The use of budesonide in the treatment of autoimmune hepatitis in Canada. Can. J. Gastroenterol. 22: 388-392.

Number of references = 222

www psc-literature.org