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Scientific Literature, betaine
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Abdelmalek MF, Angulo P, Jorgensen RA, Sylvestre PB, Lindor KD 2001 Betaine, a promising new agent for patients with nonalcoholic steatohepatitis: results of a pilot study.
Am. J. Gastroenterol. 96: 2711-2717.
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Aithal GP 2007 Dangerous liaisons: drug, host and the environment.
J. Hepatol. 46: 995-998.
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Angulo P 2003 Current best treatment for non-alcoholic fatty liver disease.
Expert Opin. Pharmacother. 4: 611-623.
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Angulo P 2002 Treatment of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease.
Ann. Hepatol. 1: 12-19.
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Angulo P, Lindor KD 2001 Treatment of nonalcoholic fatty liver: present and emerging therapies.
Semin. Liver Dis. 21: 81-88.
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Angulo P, Lindor KD 2002 Treatment of non-alcoholic steatohepatitis.
Best Pract. Res. Clin. Gastroenterol. 16: 797-810.
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Atkinson W, Elmslie J, Lever M, Chambers ST, George PM 2008 Dietary and supplementary betaine: acute effects on plasma betaine and homocysteine concentrations under standard and postmethionine load conditions in healthy male subjects.
Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 87: 577-585.
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Avila MA, Berasain C, Torres L, Martin-Duce A, Corrales FJ, Yang H, Prieto J, Lu SC, Caballeria J, Rodes J, Mato JM 2000 Reduced mRNA abundance of the main enzymes involved in methionine metabolism in human liver cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma.
J. Hepatol. 33: 907-914.
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Barak AJ, Beckenhauer HC, Mailliard ME, Kharbanda KK, Tuma DJ 2003 Betaine lowers elevated S-adenosylhomocysteine levels in hepatocytes from ethanol-fed rats.
J. Nutr. 133: 2845-2848.
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Barak AJ, Beckenhauer HC, Tuma DJ 1996 Betaine, ethanol, and the liver: a review.
Alcohol 13: 395-398.
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Barak AJ, Beckenhauer HC, Tuma DJ 2002 Methionine synthase: a possible prime site of the ethanolic lesion in liver.
Alcohol 26: 65-67.
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Baric I, Fumic K, Glenn B, Cuk M, Schulze A, Finkelstein JD, James SJ, Mejaski-Bosnjak V, Pazanin L, Pogribny IP, Rados M, Sarnavka V, Scukanec-Spoljar M, Allen RH, Stabler S, Uzelac L, Vugrek O, Wagner C, Zeisel S, Mudd SH 2004 S-Adenosylhomocysteine hydrolase deficiency in a human: a genetic disorder of methionine metabolism.
Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 101: 4234-4239.
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Benzinger P, Alscher DM 2005 Untreated homocystinuria in adulthood.
Dtsch. Med. Wochenschr. 130: 2439-2443.
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Boyles AL, Billups AV, Deak KL, Siegel DG, Mehltretter L, Slifer SH, Bassuk AG, Kessler JA, Reed MC, Nijhout HF, George TM, Enterline DS, Gilbert JR, Speer MC 2006 Neural tube defects and folate pathway genes: family-based association tests of gene-gene and gene-environment interactions.
Environ. Health Perspect. 114: 1547-1552.
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Castro C, Millian NS, Garrow TA 2008 Liver betaine-homocysteine S-methyltransferase activity undergoes a redox switch at the active site zinc.
Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 472: 26-33.
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Chan E, Fonseca VA 2003 Management of hyperhomocysteinemia.
Metab. Syndr. Relat. Disord. 1: 159-170.
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Chang CY, Argo CK, Al-Osaimi AM, Caldwell SH 2006 Therapy of NAFLD: antioxidants and cytoprotective agents.
J. Clin. Gastroenterol. 40 Suppl. 1: S51-S60.
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Craig SA 2004 Betaine in human nutrition.
Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 80: 539-549.
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Dalmeijer GW, Olthof MR, Verhoef P, Bots ML, van der Schouw YT 2008 Prospective study on dietary intakes of folate, betaine, and choline and cardiovascular disease risk in women.
Eur. J. Clin. Nutr. 62: 386-394.
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DeLong CJ, Hicks AM, Cui Z 2002 Disruption of choline methyl group donation for phosphatidylethanolamine methylation in hepatocarcinoma cells.
J. Biol. Chem. 277: 17217-17225.
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Detopoulou P, Panagiotakos DB, Antonopoulou S, Pitsavos C, Stefanadis C. 2008 Dietary choline and betaine intakes in relation to concentrations of inflammatory markers in healthy adults: the ATTICA study.
Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 87: 424-430.
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Donohue TM, Curry-McCoy TV, Nanji AA, Kharbanda KK, Osna NA, Radio SJ, Todero SL, White RL, Casey CA 2007 Lysosomal leakage and lack of adaptation of hepatoprotective enzyme contribute to enhanced susceptibility to ethanol-induced liver injury in female rats.
Alcohol Clin. Exp. Res. 31: 1944-1952.
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Duong FH, Christen V, Filipowicz M, Heim MH 2006 S-Adenosylmethionine and betaine correct hepatitis C virus induced inhibition of interferon signaling in vitro.
Hepatology 43: 796-806.
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Duran JM, Peral MJ, Calonge ML, Ilundain AA 2002 Functional characterization of intestinal L-carnitine transport.
J. Membr. Biol. 185: 65-74.
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Finkelstein JD, Martin JJ 1986 Methionine metabolism in mammals. Adaptation to methionine excess.
J. Biol. Chem. 261: 1582-1587.
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Finkelstein JD, Martin JJ 1984 Methionine metabolism in mammals. Distribution of homocysteine between competing pathways.
J. Biol. Chem. 259: 9508-9513.
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Forestier M, Banninger R, Reichen J, Solioz M 2003 Betaine homocysteine methyltransferase: gene cloning and expression analysis in rat liver cirrhosis.
Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1638: 29-34.
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Fowler B 2005 Homocysteine: overview of biochemistry, molecular biology, and role in disease processes.
Semin. Vasc. Med. 5: 77-86.
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Fredriksen A, Meyer K, Ueland PM, Vollset SE, Grotmol T, Schneede J 2007 Large-scale population-based metabolic phenotyping of thirteen genetic polymorphisms related to one-carbon metabolism.
Hum. Mutat. 28: 856-865.
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Go EK, Jung KJ, Kim JY, Yu BP, Chung HY 2005 Betaine suppresses proinflammatory signaling during aging: the involvement of nuclear factor-kappaB via nuclear factor-inducing kinase/IkappaB kinase and mitogen-activated protein kinases.
J. Gerontol. A. Biol. Sci. Med. Sci. 60: 1252-1264.
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Graf D, Kurz AK, Reinehr R, Fischer R, Kircheis G, Haussinger D 2002 Prevention of bile acid-induced apoptosis by betaine in rat liver.
Hepatology 36: 829-839.
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Griffin JL, Scott J, Nicholson JK 2007 The influence of pharmacogenetics on fatty liver disease in the Wistar and Kyoto rats: a combined transcriptomic and metabonomic study.
J. Proteome Res. 6: 54-61.
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Grundemann D, Harlfinger S, Golz S, Geerts A, Lazar A, Berkels R, Jung N, Rubbert A, Schomig E 2005 Discovery of the ergothioneine transporter.
Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 102: 5256-5261.
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Hanje AJ, Fortune B, Song M, Hill D, McClain C 2006 The use of selected nutrition supplements and complementary and alternative medicine in liver disease.
Nutr. Clin. Pract. 21: 255-272.
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Holm PI, Hustad S, Ueland PM, Vollset SE, Grotmol T, Schneede J 2007 Modulation of the homocysteine-betaine relationship by methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase 677 C->T genotypes and B-vitamin status in a large scale epidemiological study.
J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 92: 1535-1541.
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Houghton WC 2003 Betaine and nonalcoholic steatohepatitis.
Am. J. Gastroenterol. 98: 2803.
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Huemer M, Simma B, Fowler B, Suormala T, Bodamer OA, Sass JO 2005 Prenatal and postnatal treatment in cobalamin C defect.
J. Pediatr. 147: 469-472.
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Iles RA 2008 Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy and genetic disorders.
Curr. Med. Chem. 15: 15-36.
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Innis SM, Davidson AG 2008 Cystic fibrosis and nutrition: linking phospholipids and essential fatty acids with thiol metabolism.
Annu. Rev. Nutr. 28: 55-72.
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Innis SM, Davidson AG, Melynk S, James SJ 2007 Choline-related supplements improve abnormal plasma methionine-homocysteine metabolites and glutathione status in children with cystic fibrosis.
Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 85: 702-708.
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Innis SM, Hasman D 2006 Evidence of choline depletion and reduced betaine and dimethylglycine with increased homocysteine in plasma of children with cystic fibrosis.
J. Nutr. 136: 2226-2231.
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James SJ, Cutler P, Melnyk S, Jernigan S, Janak L, Gaylor DW, Neubrander JA 2004 Metabolic biomarkers of increased oxidative stress and impaired methylation capacity in children with autism.
Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 80: 1611-1517.
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Jellinek M 2008 The need for a multi-level biochemical approach to defeat cancer that will also support the host.
Med. Hypotheses 71: 515-526.
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Ji C, Deng Q, Kaplowitz N 2004 Role of TNF-alpha in ethanol-induced hyperhomocysteinemia and murine alcoholic liver injury.
Hepatology 40: 442-451.
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Ji C, Kaplowitz N 2003 Betaine decreases hyperhomocysteinemia, endoplasmic reticulum stress, and liver injury in alcohol-fed mice.
Gastroenterology 124: 1488-1499.
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Ji C, Kaplowitz N 2004 Hyperhomocysteinemia, endoplasmic reticulum stress, and alcoholic liver injury.
World J. Gastroenterol. 10: 1699-1708.
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Ji C, Shinohara M, Kuhlenkamp J, Chan C, Kaplowitz N 2007 Mechanisms of protection by the betaine-homocysteine methyltransferase/betaine system in HepG2 cells and primary mouse hepatocytes.
Hepatology 46: 1586-1596.
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Kanbak G, Ozdemir F, Caliskan F, Sahin F, Inal M 2007 Betaine prevents loss of sialic acid residues and peroxidative injury of erythrocyte membrane in ethanol-given rats.
Cell. Biochem. Funct. 25: 103-108.
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Kelly TL, Neaga OR, Schwahn BC, Rozen R, Trasler JM 2005 Infertility in 5,10-methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR)-deficient male mice is partially alleviated by lifetime dietary betaine supplementation.
Biol. Reprod. 72: 667-677.
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Kharbanda KK, Mailliard ME, Baldwin CR, Beckenhauer HC, Sorrell MF, Tuma DJ 2007 Betaine attenuates alcoholic steatosis by restoring phosphatidylcholine generation via the phosphatidylethanolamine methyltransferase pathway.
J. Hepatol. 46: 314-321.
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Kharbanda KK, Mailliard ME, Baldwin CR, Sorrell MF, Tuma DJ 2007 Accumulation of proteins bearing atypical isoaspartyl residues in livers of alcohol-fed rats is prevented by betaine administration: effects on protein-l-isoaspartyl methyltransferase activity.
J. Hepatol. 46: 1119-1125.
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Kharbanda KK, Rogers DD 2nd, Mailliard ME, Siford GL, Barak AJ, Beckenhauer HC, Sorrell MF, Tuma DJ 2005 A comparison of the effects of betaine and S-adenosylmethionine on ethanol-induced changes in methionine metabolism and steatosis in rat hepatocytes.
J. Nutr. 135: 519-524.
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Kharbanda KK, Rogers DD 2nd, Mailliard ME, Siford GL, Barak AJ, Beckenhauer HC, Sorrell MF, Tuma DJ 2005 Role of elevated S-adenosylhomocysteine in rat hepatocyte apoptosis: protection by betaine.
Biochem. Pharmacol. 70: 1883-1890.
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Kim SJ, Jung YS, Kwon do Y, Kim YC 2008 Alleviation of acute ethanol-induced liver injury and impaired metabolomics of S-containing substances by betaine supplementation.
Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 368: 893-898.
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Kim SK, Kim YC 2002 Attenuation of bacterial lipopolysaccharide-induced hepatotoxicity by betaine or taurine in rats.
Food Chem. Toxicol. 40: 545-549.
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Kim SK, Kim YC 2005 Effects of betaine supplementation on hepatic metabolism of sulfur-containing amino acids in mice.
J. Hepatol. 42: 907-913.
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Kim YC, Jung YS, Kim SK 2005 Effect of betaine supplementation on changes in hepatic metabolism of sulfur-containing amino acids and experimental cholestasis induced by alpha-naphthylisothiocyanate.
Food Chem. Toxicol. 43: 663-670.
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Koch A, Konig B, Stangl GI, Eder K 2008 PPARalpha mediates transcriptional upregulation of novel organic cation transporters-2 and -3 and enzymes involved in hepatic carnitine synthesis.
Exp. Biol. Med. (Maywood) 233: 356-365.
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Koushik A, Kraft P, Fuchs CS, Hankinson SE, Willett WC, Giovannucci EL, Hunter DJ 2006 Nonsynonymous polymorphisms in genes in the one-carbon metabolism pathway and associations with colorectal cancer.
Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev. 15: 2408-2417.
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Krahenbuhl S, Brass EP, Hoppel CL 2000 Decreased carnitine biosynthesis in rats with secondary biliary cirrhosis.
Hepatology 31: 1217-1223.
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Krueger KJ, McClain CJ, McClave SA, Dryden GW 2004 Nutritional supplements and alternative medicine.
Curr. Opin. Gastroenterol. 20: 130-138.
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Lawson-Yuen A, Levy HL 2006 The use of betaine in the treatment of elevated homocysteine.
Mol. Genet. Metab. 88: 201-207.
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Li Z, Vance DE 2008 Phosphatidylcholine and choline homeostasis.
J. Lipid Res. 49: 1187-1194.
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Liangpunsakul S, Chalasani N 2003 Treatment of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease.
Curr. Treat. Options Gastroenterol. 6: 455-463.
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Look MP, Riezler R, Reichel C, Brensing KA, Rockstroh JK, Stabler SP, Spengler U, Berthold HK, Sauerbruch T 2000 Is the increase in serum cystathionine levels in patients with liver cirrhosis a consequence of impaired homocysteine transsulfuration at the level of gamma-cystathionase?
Scand. J. Gastroenterol. 35: 866-872.
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Mato JM, Martinez-Chantar ML, Lu SC 2008 Methionine metabolism and liver disease.
Annu. Rev. Nutr. 28: 273-293.
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Mehta K, Van Thiel DH, Shah N, Mobarhan S 2002 Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: pathogenesis and the role of antioxidants.
Nutr. Rev. 60: 289-293.
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Michel K, Zeller F, Langer R, Nekarda H, Kruger D, Dover TJ, Brady CA, Barnes NM, Schemann M 2005 Serotonin excites neurons in the human submucous plexus via 5-HT3 receptors.
Gastroenterology 128: 1317-1326.
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Mudd SH, Brosnan JT, Brosnan ME, Jacobs RL, Stabler SP, Allen RH, Vance DE, Wagner C 2007 Methyl balance and transmethylation fluxes in humans.
Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 85: 19-25.
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Nanda K 2004 Non-alcoholic steatohepatitis in children.
Pediatr. Transplant. 8: 613-618.
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Neuschwander-Tetri BA 2001 Betaine: an old therapy for a new scourge.
Am. J. Gastroenterol. 96: 2534-2536.
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Nieman KM, Hartz CS, Szegedi SS, Garrow TA, Sparks JD, Schalinske KL 2006 Folate status modulates the induction of hepatic glycine N-methyltransferase and homocysteine metabolism in diabetic rats.
Am. J. Physiol. Endocrinol. Metab. 291: E1235-E1242.
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Nurmi JT, Puolakkainen PA, Rautonen NE 2005 Intron 1 retaining cyclooxygenase 1 splice variant is induced by osmotic stress in human intestinal epithelial cells.
Prostaglandins Leukot. Essent. Fatty Acids 73: 343-350.
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Olsen M, Sarup A, Larsson OM, Schousboe A 2005 Effect of hyperosmotic conditions on the expression of the betaine-GABA-transporter (BGT-1) in cultured mouse astrocytes.
Neurochem. Res. 30: 855-865.
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Olthof MR, Brink EJ, Katan MB, Verhoef P 2005 Choline supplemented as phosphatidylcholine decreases fasting and postmethionine-loading plasma homocysteine concentrations in healthy men.
Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 82: 111-117.
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Olthof MR, Verhoef P 2005 Effects of betaine intake on plasma homocysteine concentrations and consequences for health.
Curr. Drug Metab. 6: 15-22.
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Ou X, Yang H, Ramani K, Iglesias Ara A, Chen H, Mato JM, Lu SC 2007 Inhibition of human betaine homocysteine methyltransferase expression by S-adenosylmethionine and methylthioadenosine.
Biochem. J. 401: 87-96.
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Pajares MA, Perez-Sala D 2006 Betaine homocysteine S-methyltransferase: just a regulator of homocysteine metabolism?
Cell. Mol. Life Sci. 63: 2792-2803.
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Percy AK, Lane JB 2005 Rett syndrome: model of neurodevelopmental disorders.
J. Child. Neurol. 20: 718-721.
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Poschl G, Stickel F, Wang XD, Seitz HK 2004 Alcohol and cancer: genetic and nutritional aspects.
Proc. Nutr. Soc. 63: 65-71.
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Purohit V, Abdelmalek MF, Barve S, Benevenga NJ, Halsted CH, Kaplowitz N, Kharbanda KK, Liu QY, Lu SC, McClain CJ, Swanson C, Zakhari S 2007 Role of S-adenosylmethionine, folate, and betaine in the treatment of alcoholic liver disease: summary of a symposium.
Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 86: 14-24.
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Ratnam S, Wijekoon EP, Hall BN, Garrow TA, Brosnan ME, Brosnan JT 2006 Effects of diabetes and insulin on betaine-homocysteine S-methyltransferase expression in rat liver.
Am. J. Physiol. Endocrinol. Metab. 290: E933-E939.
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Reith ME, Zhen J, Chen N 2006 The importance of company: Na+ and Cl- influence substrate interaction with SLC6 transporters and other proteins.
Handb. Exp. Pharmacol. 175: 75-93.
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Ringseis R, Luci S, Spielmann J, Kluge H, Fischer M, Geissler S, Wen G, Hirche F, Eder K 2008 Clofibrate treatment up-regulates novel organic cation transporter (OCTN)-2 in tissues of pigs as a model of non-proliferating species.
Eur. J. Pharmacol. 583: 11-17.
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Schwab U, Torronen A, Meririnne E, Saarinen M, Alfthan G, Aro A, Uusitupa M 2006 Orally administered betaine has an acute and dose-dependent effect on serum betaine and plasma homocysteine concentrations in healthy humans.
J. Nutr. 136: 34-38.
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Schwahn BC, Laryea MD, Chen Z, Melnyk S, Pogribny I, Garrow T, James SJ, Rozen R 2004 Betaine rescue of an animal model with methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase deficiency.
Biochem. J. 382: 831-840.
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Schwahn BC, Wendel U, Lussier-Cacan S, Mar MH, Zeisel SH, Leclerc D, Castro C, Garrow TA, Rozen R 2004 Effects of betaine in a murine model of mild cystathionine-beta-synthase deficiency.
Metabolism 53: 594-599.
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Selhub J 1999 Homocysteine metabolism.
Annu. Rev. Nutr. 19: 217-246.
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Serkova NJ, Jackman M, Brown JL, Liu T, Hirose R, Roberts JP, Maher JJ, Niemann CU 2006 Metabolic profiling of livers and blood from obese Zucker rats.
J. Hepatol. 44: 956-962.
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Setoue M, Ohuchi S, Morita T, Sugiyama K 2008 Hyperhomocysteinemia induced by guanidinoacetic acid is effectively suppressed by choline and betaine in rats.
Biosci. Biotechnol. Biochem. 72: 1696-1703.
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Slow S, Elmslie J, Lever M 2008 Dietary betaine and inflammation.
Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 88: 247-248.
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Slow S, Garrow TA 2006 Liver choline dehydrogenase and kidney betaine-homocysteine methyltransferase expression are not affected by methionine or choline intake in growing rats.
J. Nutr. 136: 2279-2283.
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Song Z, Zhou Z, Deaciuc I, Chen T, McClain CJ 2008 Inhibition of adiponectin production by homocysteine: a potential mechanism for alcoholic liver disease.
Hepatology 47: 867-879.
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Sparks JD, Collins HL, Chirieac DV, Cianci J, Jokinen J, Sowden MP, Galloway CA, Sparks CE 2006 Hepatic VLDL and apolipoprotein B production are increased following in vivo induction of betaine-homocysteine S-methyltransferase.
Biochem. J. 395: 363-371.
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Spence JD 2006 Homocysteine and stroke prevention: have the trials settled the issue?
Int. J. Stroke 1: 242-244.
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Stead LM, Brosnan JT, Brosnan ME, Vance DE, Jacobs RL 2006 Is it time to reevaluate methyl balance in humans?
Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 83: 5-10.
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Szegedi SS, Castro CC, Koutmos M, Garrow TA 2008 Betaine-homocysteine S-methyltransferase-2 is an S-methylmethionine-homocysteine methyltransferase.
J. Biol. Chem. 283: 8939-8945.
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Tamai I, Ohashi R, Nezu J, Yabuuchi H, Oku A, Shimane M, Sai Y, Tsuji A 1998 Molecular and functional identification of sodium ion-dependent, high affinity human carnitine transporter OCTN2.
J. Biol. Chem. 273: 20378-20382.
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Taubert D, Grimberg G, Jung N, Rubbert A, Schomig E 2005 Functional role of the 503F variant of the organic cation transporter OCTN1 in Crohn’s disease.
Gut 54: 1505-1506.
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Thwaites DT, Anderson CM 2007 Deciphering the mechanisms of intestinal imino (and amino) acid transport: the redemption of SLC36A1.
Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1768: 179-197.
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Trappoliere M, Tuccillo C, Federico A, Di Leva A, Niosi M, D'Alessio C, Capasso R, Coppola F, Dauria M, Loguercio C 2005 The treatment of NAFLD.
Eur. Rev. Med. Pharmacol. Sci. 9: 299-304.
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Ueland PM, Holm PI, Hustad S 2005 Betaine: a key modulator of one-carbon metabolism and homocysteine status.
Clin. Chem. Lab. Med. 43: 1069-1075.
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Vali L, Stefanovits-Banyai E, Szentmihalyi K, Febel H, Sardi E, Lugasi A, Kocsis I, Blazovics A 2007 Liver-protecting effects of table beet (Beta vulgaris var. rubra) during ischemia-reperfusion.
Nutrition 23: 172-178.
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van Hoek B 2004 Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: a brief review.
Scand. J. Gastroenterol. Suppl. 241: 56-59.
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Verhoef P, de Groot LC 2005 Dietary determinants of plasma homocysteine concentrations.
Semin. Vasc. Med. 5: 110-123.
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Wagner CA, Lukewille U, Kaltenbach S, Moschen I, Broer A, Risler T, Broer S, Lang F 2000 Functional and pharmacological characterization of human Na(+)-carnitine cotransporter hOCTN2.
Am. J. Physiol. Renal Physiol. 279: F584-F591.
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Wijekoon EP, Brosnan ME, Brosnan JT 2007 Homocysteine metabolism in diabetes.
Biochem. Soc. Trans. 35: 1175-1179.
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Wijekoon EP, Hall B, Ratnam S, Brosnan ME, Zeisel SH, Brosnan JT 2005 Homocysteine metabolism in ZDF (type 2) diabetic rats.
Diabetes 54: 3245-3251.
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Xu X, Gammon MD, Zeisel SH, Lee YL, Wetmur JG, Teitelbaum SL, Bradshaw PT, Neugut AI, Santella RM, Chen J 2008 Choline metabolism and risk of breast cancer in a population-based study.
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Rev. Gastroenterol. Disord. 2: 11-19.
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Yu J, Sauter S, Parlesak A 2006 Suppression of TNF-alpha production by S-adenosylmethionine in human mononuclear leukocytes is not mediated by polyamines.
Biol. Chem. 387: 1619-1627.
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Zhu H, Curry S, Wen S, Wicker NJ, Shaw GM, Lammer EJ, Yang W, Jafarov T, Finnell RH 2005 Are the betaine-homocysteine methyltransferase (BHMT and BHMT2) genes risk factors for spina bifida and orofacial clefts?
Am. J. Med. Genet. 135A: 274-277.
Number of references = 112
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David and Judy Rhodes
Last Update: 9/25/2008
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