• Abrams B 2005 Long-term sleep apnea as a pathogenic factor for cell-mediated autoimmune disease. Med. Hypotheses 65: 1024-1027.

• Al-Kawas FH, Seeff LB, Berendson RA, Zimmerman HJ, Ishak KG 1981 Allopurinol hepatotoxicity. Report of two cases and review of the literature. Ann. Intern. Med. 95: 588-590.

• Anderson BE, Adams DR 2002 Allopurinol hypersensitivity syndrome. J. Drugs Dermatol. 1: 60-62.

• Ansari A, Aslam Z, DE Sica A, Smith M, Gilshenan K, Fairbanks L, Marinaki A, Sanderson J, Duley J 2008 The influence of xanthine oxidase on thiopurine metabolism in Crohn's disease. Aliment. Pharmacol. Ther. 28: 749-757. *

• Ansari A, Elliott T, Baburajan B, Mayhead P, O'Donohue J, Chocair P, Sanderson J, Duley J 2008 Long term outcome of using allopurinol co-therapy as a strategy for overcoming thiopurine hepatotoxicity in treating inflammatory bowel disease. Aliment. Pharmacol. Ther. Jun 26 [Epub ahead of print]. *

• Arakawa M, Kakuto Y, Ichikawa K, Chiba J, Tabata N, Sasaki Y 2001 Allopurinol hypersensitivity syndrome associated with systemic cytomegalovirus infection and systemic bacteremia. Intern. Med. 40: 331-335. *

• Arellano F, Sacristan JA 1993 Allopurinol hypersensitivity syndrome: a review. Ann. Pharmacother. 27: 337-343.

• Assimakopoulos SF, Grintzalis K, Thomopoulos KC, Papapostolou I, Georgiou CD, Gogos C, Vagianos CE 2008 Plasma superoxide radical in jaundiced patients and role of xanthine oxidase. Am. J. Med. Sci. 336: 230-236.

• Bai Y, Gao J, Zhang W, Zou D, Li Z 2008 Meta-analysis: allopurinol in the prevention of postendoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography pancreatitis. Aliment. Pharmacol. Ther. 28: 557-564. *

• Bardin T 2004 Current management of gout in patients unresponsive or allergic to allopurinol. Joint Bone Spine 71: 481-485.

• Barnes DS 2002 Intrahepatic cholestatic liver disease. http://www.clevelandclinicmeded.com/diseasemanagement/gastro/intrahepatic/intrahepatic1.htm.

• Battelli MG, Musiani S, Tazzari PL, Stirpe F 2001 Oxidative stress to human lymphocytes by xanthine oxidoreductase activity. Free Radic. Res. 35: 665-679.

• Becker D, Enk A, Brauninger W, Knop J 1995 Granuloma anulare disseminatum as a rare side effect of allopurinol. Hautarzt. 46: 343-345.

• Benito-Leon J, Porta-Etessam J 2001 Guillain-Barre syndrome and allopurinol-induced hypersensitivity. Eur. Neurol. 45: 186-187.

• Berbegal J, Morera J, Andrada E, Navarro V, Lluch V, Lopez-Benito I 1994 Syndrome of allopurinol hypersensitivity. Report of a new case and review of the Spanish literature. Med. Clin. (Barc.) 102: 178-180.

• Boffa MJ, Chalmers RJ 1994 Allopurinol-induced toxic pustuloderma. Br. J. Dermatol. 131: 447.

• Bowie EA, Simmonds HA, North JD 1967 Allopurinol in treatment of patients with gout and chronic renal failure. N. Z. Med. J. 66: 606-611.

• Boyer TD, Sun N, Reynolds TB 1977 Allopurinol-hypersensitivity vasculitis and liver damage. West. J. Med. 126: 143-147. *

• Braden GL, Warzynski MJ, Golightly M, Ballow M 1994 Cell-mediated immunity in allopurinol-induced hypersensitivity. Clin. Immunol. Immunopathol. 70: 145-151.

• Butler RC, Shah SM, Grunow WA, Texter C Jr 1977 Massive hepatic necrosis in a patient receiving allopurinol. JAMA 237: 473-474.

• Carpenter C 1997 Allopurinol hypersensitivity syndrome. Tenn. Med. 90: 151-152.

• Casas E, Puig JG, Mateos FA, Jimenez ML, Michan AD, Ramos TH 1989 The allopurinol hypersensitivity syndrome: its relation to plasma oxypurinol levels. Adv. Exp. Med. Biol. 253A: 257-260.

• Chakurski I, Stefanov G, Belovezhdov N 1985 Acute allopurinol (milurit) poisoning. Vutr. Boles. 24: 136-139.

• Chan HL, Ku G, Khoo OT 1977 Allopurinol associated hypersensitivity reactions: cutaneous and renal manifestations. Aust. N. Z. J. Med. 7: 518-522.

• Chan YC, Tay YK, Ng SK 2002 Allopurinol hypersensitivity syndrome and acute myocardial infarction - two case reports. Ann. Acad. Med. Singapore 31: 231-233. *

• Chao SC, Yang CC, Lee JY 2005 Hypersensitivity syndrome and pure red cell aplasia following allopurinol therapy in a patient with chronic kidney disease. Ann. Pharmacother. 39: 1552-1556.

• Chawla SK, Patel HD, Parrino GR, Soterakis J, Lopresti PA, D'Angelo WA 1977 Allopurinol hepatotoxicity. Case report and literature review. Arthritis Rheum. 20: 1546-1549.

• Chen IH, Kuo MC, Hwang SJ, Chang JM, Chen HC 2005 Allopurinol-induced severe hypersensitivity with acute renal failure. Kaohsiung J. Med. Sci. 21: 228-232.

• Chessman D, Kostenko L, Lethborg T, Purcell AW, Williamson NA, Chen Z, Kjer-Nielsen L, Mifsud NA, Tait BD, Holdsworth R, Almeida CA, Nolan D, Macdonald WA, Archbold JK, Kellerher AD, Marriott D, Mallal S, Bharadwaj M, Rossjohn J, McCluskey J 2008 Human leukocyte antigen class I-restricted activation of CD8+ T cells provides the immunogenetic basis of a systemic drug hypersensitivity. Immunity 28: 822-832. *

• Chia FL, Leong KP 2007 Severe cutaneous adverse reactions to drugs. Curr. Opin. Allergy Clin. Immunol. 7: 304-309.

• Choi SH, Yang SH, Song YB, Kim HJ, Seo YT, Choi DS, Moon KH, Byun JH, Yu ES 2005 A case of vanishing bile duct syndrome associated with hypersensitivity to allopurinol. Korean J. Hepatol. 11: 80-85.

• Chung WH, Hung SI, Chen YT 2007 Human leukocyte antigens and drug hypersensitivity. Curr. Opin. Allergy Clin. Immunol. 7: 317-323.

• Cohen RD 2002 Evolving medical therapies for ulcerative colitis. Curr. Gastroenterol. Rep. 4: 497-505.

• Dainichi T, Uchi H, Moroi Y, Furue M 2007 Stevens-Johnson syndrome, drug-induced hypersensitivity syndrome and toxic epidermal necrolysis caused by allopurinol in patients with a common HLA allele: what causes the diversity? Dermatology 215: 86-88.

• Descamps V, Mahe E, Houhou N, Abramowitz L, Rozenberg F, Ranger-Rogez S, Crickx B 2003 Drug-induced hypersensitivity syndrome associated with Epstein-Barr virus infection. Br. J. Dermatol. 148: 1032-1034. *

• Devlin JW, Bellamy N, Bayliff CD 1992 Observations and effects of educational consults on allopurinol prescribing. Can. J. Hosp. Pharm. 45: 21-27.

• Dia D, Ba-Fall K, Bouldouyre M, Chevalier B, Debonne JM 2004 DRESS syndrome to allopurinol: a case in Dakar. Dakar Med. 49: 114-115.

• Dominguez Ortega J, Trindade C, Alonso Llamazares A, Castellano Bravo A, Cimarra Alvarez-Lovel M, Martinez-Cocera C 2001 Hypersensitivity to allopurinol. Efficacy of a desensitizing protocol in 3 cases. An. Med. Interna. 18: 27-28.

• Dubinsky MC, Fleshner PP 2003 Treatment of Crohn's disease of inflammatory, stenotic, and fistulizing phenotypes. Curr. Treat. Options Gastroenterol. 6: 183-200.

• Elasy T, Kaminsky D, Tracy M, Mehler PS 1995 Allopurinol hypersensitivity syndrome revisited. West. J. Med. 162: 360-361. *

• Ellman MH, Fretzin DF, Olson W 1975 Toxic epidermal necrolysis associated with allopurinol administration. Arch. Dermatol. 111: 986-990.

• Espiritu CR, Alalu J, Glueckauf LG, Lubin J 1976 Allopurinol-induced granulomatous hepatitis. Am. J. Dig. Dis. 21: 804-806.

• Falco D, Daniels RA, Conklin R 1982 An unusual case of hypersensitivity vasculitis probably due to allopurinol. J. Med. Soc. N. J. 79: 409-412.

• Fam AG 2001 Difficult gout and new approaches for control of hyperuricemia in the allopurinol-allergic patient. Curr. Rheumatol. Rep. 3: 29-35.

• Fam AG, Dunne SM, Iazzetta J, Paton TW 2001 Efficacy and safety of desensitization to allopurinol following cutaneous reactions. Arthritis Rheum. 44: 231-238. *

• Fam AG, Lewtas J, Stein J, Paton TW 1992 Desensitization to allopurinol in patients with gout and cutaneous reactions. Am. J. Med. 93: 299-302.

• Fitzgerald DA, Heagerty AH, Stephens M, Smith AG 1994 Follicular toxic pustuloderma associated with allopurinol. Clin. Exp. Dermatol. 19: 243-245.

• Gatanaga H, Honda H, Oka S 2008 Pharmacogenetic information derived from analysis of HLA alleles. Pharmacogenomics 9: 207-214.

• Gibson T, Rodgers V, Potter C, Simmonds HA 1982 Allopurinol treatment and its effect on renal function in gout: a controlled study. Ann. Rheum. Dis. 41: 59-65. *

• Gonzalez U, Reyes E, Kershenovich J, Orozco-Topete RL 1995 Hypersensitivity syndrome caused by allopurinol. A case of massive hepatic necrosis. Rev. Invest. Clin. 47: 409-413.

• Grahame R, Simmonds HA, McBride MB, Marsh FP 1998 How should we treat tophaceous gout in patients with allopurinol hypersensitivity? Adv. Exp. Med. Biol. 431: 19-23.

• Gram JT, Gundersen T 1989 Allopurinol hypersensitivity syndrome. Tidsskr. Nor. Laegeforen. 109: 3102-3104.

• Greenberg LE, Nguyen T, Miller SM 2001 Suspected allopurinol-induced aseptic meningitis. Pharmacotherapy 21: 1007-1009.

• Grogan PM, Katz JS 2004 Inflammatory myopathies. Curr. Treat. Options Neurol. 6: 155-161.

• Gutierrez-Macias A, Lizarralde-Palacios E, Martinez-Odriozola P, Miguel-De la Villa F 2005 Fatal allopurinol hypersensitivity syndrome after treatment of asymptomatic hyperuricaemia. BMJ 331: 623-624. *

• Halevy S, Ghislain PD, Mockenhaupt M, Fagot JP, Bouwes Bavinck JN, Sidoroff A, Naldi L, Dunant A, Viboud C, Roujeau JC; EuroSCAR Study Group 2008 Allopurinol is the most common cause of Stevens-Johnson syndrome and toxic epidermal necrolysis in Europe and Israel. J. Am. Acad. Dermatol. 58: 25-32.

• Hamanaka H, Mizutani H, Nouchi N, Shimizu Y, Shimizu M 1998 Allopurinol hypersensitivity syndrome: hypersensitivity to oxypurinol but not allopurinol. Clin. Exp. Dermatol. 23: 32-34.

• Hammer B, Link A, Wagner A, Bohm M 2001 Hypersensitivity syndrome during therapy with allopurinol in asymptomatic hyperuricemia with a fatal outcome. Dtsch. Med. Wochenschr. 126: 1331-1334.

• Hanger HC, Pillans PI 1994 Death following allopurinol hypersensitivity syndrome. N. Z. Med. J. 107: 229.

• Harewood GC, Topazian M 2005 Post-ERCP pancreatitis: is allopurinol the Holy Grail? Gastrointest. Endosc. 62: 251-252.

• Haughey DB, Lanse S, Imhoff T, Tobin M, Schentag JJ 1979 Allopurinol sensitivity: report of two cases. Am. J. Hosp. Pharm. 36: 1377-1380.

• Hoskison TK, Wortmann RL 2006 Advances in the management of gout and hyperuricaemia. Scand. J. Rheumatol. 35: 251-260. *

• Hung SI, Chung WH, Liou LB, Chu CC, Lin M, Huang HP, Lin YL, Lan JL, Yang LC, Hong HS, Chen MJ, Lai PC, Wu MS, Chu CY, Wang KH, Chen CH, Fann CS, Wu JY, Chen YT 2005 HLA-B*5801 allele as a genetic marker for severe cutaneous adverse reactions caused by allopurinol. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 102: 4134-4139. *

• Jarzobski J, Ferry J, Wombolt D, Fitch DM, Egan JD 1970 Vasculitis with allopurinol therapy. Am. Heart J. 79: 116-121.

• Kakeda M, Tohyama M, Iwasaki J, Hashimoto K, Mizutani H 2005 A case of histopathologically typical toxic epidermal necrolysis despite no visible blisters or erosive lesions. J. Dermatol. 32: 654-660.

• Katsinelos P, Kountouras J, Chatzis J, Christodoulou K, Paroutoglou G, Mimidis K, Beltsis A, Zavos C 2005 High-dose allopurinol for prevention of post-ERCP pancreatitis: a prospective randomized double-blind controlled trial. Gastrointest. Endosc. 61: 407-415. *

• Keshavarzian A, Morgan G, Sedghi S, Gordon JH, Doria M 1990 Role of reactive oxygen metabolites in experimental colitis. Gut 31: 786-790. *

• Khoo BP, Leow YH 2000 A review of inpatients with adverse drug reactions to allopurinol. Singapore Med. J. 41: 156-160. *

• Kluger E 1998 Fatal outcome in allopurinol hypersensitivity syndrome. Ugeskr. Laeger. 160: 1179-1180.

• Kobayashi Y, Ohshiro N, Sakai R, Ohbayashi M, Kohyama N, Yamamoto T 2005 Transport mechanism and substrate specificity of human organic anion transporter 2 (hOat2 [SLC22A7]). J. Pharm. Pharmacol. 57: 573-578.

• Korting HC, Lesch R 1978 Acute cholangitis after allopurinol treatment. Lancet 1: 275-276.

• Krauss G 2006 Current understanding of delayed anticonvulsant hypersensitivity reactions. Epilepsy Curr. 6: 33-37.

• Kumar A, Edward N, White MI, Johnston PW, Catto GR 1996 Allopurinol, erythema multiforme, and renal insufficiency. BMJ 312: 173-174.

• Kutzner M, Sziegoleit W 1976 Adverse effects of allopurinol. Z. Arztl. Fortbild. (Jena) 70: 1017-1020.

• Lang PG Jr 1979 Severe hypersensitivity reactions to allopurinol. South. Med. J. 72: 1361-1368.

• Lee SS, Lin HY, Wang SR, Tsai YY 1994 Allopurinol hypersensitivity syndrome. Zhonghua Min Guo Wei Sheng Wu Ji Mian Yi Xue Za Zhi 27: 140-147.

• Leong RW, Gearry RB, Sparrow MP 2008 Thiopurine hepatotoxicity in inflammatory bowel disease: the role for adding allopurinol. Expert Opin. Drug Saf. 7: 607-616.

• Lichtman SN, Wang J, Hummel B, Lacey S, Sartor RB 1998 A rat model of ileal pouch-rectal anastomosis. Inflamm. Bowel Dis. 4: 187-195. *

• Lin MS, Dai YS, Pwu RF, Chen YH, Chang NC 2005 Risk estimates for drugs suspected of being associated with Stevens-Johnson syndrome and toxic epidermal necrolysis: a case-control study. Intern. Med. J. 35: 188-190. *

• Lindsey SW, Evans EF 1978 Allpurinol hypersensitivity syndrome: effects and treatment. Va. Med. 105: 297-299.

• Lockard O Jr, Harmon C, Nolph K, Irvin W 1976 Allergic reaction to allopurinol with cross-reactivity to oxypurinol. Ann. Intern. Med. 85: 333-335.

• Lonjou C, Borot N, Sekula P, Ledger N, Thomas L, Halevy S, Naldi L, Bouwes-Bavinck JN, Sidoroff A, de Toma C, Schumacher M, Roujeau JC, Hovnanian A, Mockenhaupt M; for the RegiSCAR study group 2008 A European study of HLA-B in Stevens-Johnson syndrome and toxic epidermal necrolysis related to five high-risk drugs. Pharmacogenet. Genomics 18: 99-107.

• Lupton GP, Odom RB 1979 The allopurinol hypersensitivity syndrome. J. Am. Acad. Dermatol. 1: 365-374.

• Male PJ, Schaer B, Posternak F 1978 Hypersensitivity reaction to allopurinol. Schweiz. Med. Wochenschr. 108: 681-683.

• Markel A 2005 Allopurinol-induced DRESS syndrome. Isr. Med. Assoc. J. 7: 656-660. *

• Masaki T, Fukunaga A, Tohyama M, Koda Y, Okuda S, Maeda N, Kanda F, Yasukawa M, Hashimoto K, Horikawa T, Ueda M 2003 Human herpes virus 6 encephalitis in allopurinol-induced hypersensitivity syndrome. Acta Derm. Venereol. 83: 128-131.

• McClintock AD, Egan AJ, Woods DJ, Pillans PI 1995 A survey of allopurinol dosage prescribing. N. Z. Med. J. 108: 346-347.

• McDonald J, Fam AG, Paton T, Senn J 1988 Allopurinol hypersensitivity in a patient with coexistent systemic lupus erythematosus and tophaceous gout. J. Rheumatol. 15: 865-868.

• McInnes GT, Lawson DH, Jick H 1981 Acute adverse reactions attributed to allopurinol in hospitalised patients. Ann. Rheum. Dis. 40: 245-249. *

• McKendrick MW, Geddes AM 1979 Allopurinol hypersensitivity. Br. Med. J. 1: 988. *

• McMenamin RA, Davies LM, Craswell PW 1976 Drug induced interstitial nephritis, hepatitis and exfoliative dermatitis. Aust. N. Z. J. Med. 6: 583-587.

• Melsom RD 1999 Familial hypersensitivity to allopurinol with subsequent desensitization. Rheumatology (Oxford) 38: 1301. *

• Mete N, Yilmaz F, Gulbahar O, Aydin A, Sin A, Kokuludag A, Yuce G, Sebik F 2003 Allopurinol hypersensitivity syndrome as a cause of hepatic centrilobular hemorrhagic necrosis. J. Investig. Allergol. Clin. Immunol. 13: 281-283.

• Mikuls TR, Farrar JT, Bilker WB, Fernandes S, Saag KG 2005 Suboptimal physician adherence to quality indicators for the management of gout and asymptomatic hyperuricaemia: results from the UK General Practice Research Database (GPRD). Rheumatology (Oxford) 44: 1038-1042. *

• Mills RM Jr 1971 Severe hypersensitivity reactions associated with allopurinol. JAMA 216: 799-802.

• Mockenhaupt M, Viboud C, Dunant A, Naldi L, Halevy S, Bavinck JN, Sidoroff A, Schneck J, Roujeau JC, Flahault A 2008 Stevens-Johnson syndrome and toxic epidermal necrolysis: assessment of medication risks with emphasis on recently marketed drugs. The EuroSCAR-study. J. Invest. Dermatol. 128: 35-44. *

• Monev SD 2001 How should hyperuricemia be treated in a patient with allopurinol hypersensitivity? Cleve. Clin. J. Med. 68: 597-598. *

• Morel D, Guez S, Merville P, Deminiere C, Tamisier JM, Potaux L 1999 Recurrent renal failure associated with hypersensitivity to allopurinol. Nephrol. Dial. Transplant. 14: 780-781.

• Mosler P, Sherman S, Marks J, Watkins JL, Geenen JE, Jamidar P, Fogel EL, Lazzell-Pannell L, Temkit M, Tarnasky P, Block KP, Frakes JT, Aziz AA, Malik P, Nickl N, Slivka A, Goff J, Lehman GA 2005 Oral allopurinol does not prevent the frequency or the severity of post-ERCP pancreatitis. Gastrointest. Endosc. 62: 245-250.

• Nakai K, Kadiiska MB, Jiang JJ, Stadler K, Mason RP 2006 Free radical production requires both inducible nitric oxide synthase and xanthine oxidase in LPS-treated skin. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 103: 4616-4621. *

• Namazi MR 2004 Cetirizine and allopurinol as novel weapons against cellular autoimmune disorders. Int. Immunopharmacol. 4: 349-353.

• Navarra SV, Saavedra SC, Cayco AV 2001 Renal microtophi in a patient with lupus nephritis and tophaceous gout. J. Clin. Rheumatol. 7: 268-272.

• Ohsawa T, Ohtsubo M 1985 Hepatitis associated with allopurinol. Drug Intell. Clin. Pharm. 19: 431-433.

• Olsen H, Morland J 1980 Hepatic damages caused by allopurinol. Tidsskr. Nor. Laegeforen. 100: 562-563.

• Pereira S, Almeida J, Silva AO, Quintas M, Candeias O, Freitas F 1998 Fatal liver necrosis due to allopurinol. Acta Med. Port. 11: 1141-1144.

• Perez-Ruiz F, Alonso-Ruiz A, Calabozo M, Herrero-Beites A, Garcia-Erauskin G, Ruiz-Lucea E 1998 Efficacy of allopurinol and benzbromarone for the control of hyperuricaemia. A pathogenic approach to the treatment of primary chronic gout. Ann. Rheum. Dis. 57: 545-549. *

• Phanichphant S, Boonpucknavig V 1980 Allopurinol associated hypersensitivity. J. Med. Assoc. Thai. 63: 155-163.

• Pirmohamed M 2006 Genetic factors in the predisposition to drug-induced hypersensitivity reactions. AAPS J. 8: E20-E26. *

• Pluim HJ, van Deuren M, Wetzels JF 1998 The allopurinol hypersensitivity syndrome. Neth. J. Med. 52: 107-110.

• Prabhu R, Thomas S, Balasubramanian KA 2005 Surgical stress-induced alterations in retinoid metabolism in the small intestine: role of oxygen free radicals. Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 434: 299-305. *

• Puig JG, Casas EA, Ramos TH, Michan AA, Mateos FA 1989 Plasma oxypurinol concentration in a patient with allopurinol hypersensitivity. J. Rheumatol. 16: 842-844.

• Rahhal RM, Bishop WP 2008 Initial clinical experience with allopurinol-thiopurine combination therapy in pediatric inflammatory bowel disease. Inflamm. Bowel Dis. Jun 2 [Epub ahead of print].

• Ramond MJ, Nouel O, Degott C, Lebrec D, Benhamou JP 1982 Allopurinol-induced hepatitis. Report of a case and review of the literature. Gastroenterol. Clin. Biol. 6: 138-142.

• Raper R, Ibels L, Lauer C, Barnes P, Lunzer M 1984 Fulminant hepatic failure due to allopurinol. Aust. N. Z. J. Med. 14: 63-65.

• Raymond JZ, Goldman HM 1988 An unusual cutaneous reaction secondary to allopurinol. Cutis 41: 323-326.

• Rivas Gonzalez P, Calvo Hernandez R, Molinelli Barranco M, Diaz Curiel M 2001 Allopurinol hypersensitivity syndrome. Rev. Clin. Esp. 201: 493.

• Rodevand E, Sletvold O, Kvande KT 2004 Side effects of allopurinol. Tidsskr. Nor. Laegeforen. 124: 2618-2619.

• Romano A, De Santis A, Romito A, Di Fonso M, Venuti A, Gasbarrini GB, Manna R 1998 Delayed hypersensitivity to aminopenicillins is related to major histocompatibility complex genes. Ann. Allergy Asthma Immunol. 80: 433-437. *

• Rothwell PM, Grant R 1996 Cerebral vasculitis following allopurinol treatment. Postgrad. Med. J. 72: 119-120.

• Roujeau JC 2006 Immune mechanisms in drug allergy. Allergol. Int. 55: 27-33. *

• Roujeau JC 2005 Clinical heterogeneity of drug hypersensitivity. Toxicology 209: 123-129. *

• Russmann S, Lauterburg B 2004 Life-threatening adverse effects of pharmacologic antihyperuricemic therapy. Ther. Umsch. 61: 575-577.

• Salinas Martin A, Mendez Abad M, Miguelez M, Diaz Gonzalez L 1994 Hypersensitivity reaction to allopurinol. Aten. Primaria. 14: 694.

• San Andres Rebollo FJ, Gonzalez Rubio M, Postigo C, Garfia C, Cabeza Alvarez CI, Viana Alonso A 1992 Hypersensitivity syndrome caused by allopurinol: report of 2 cases and review of the literature. Rev. Clin. Esp. 191: 426-429.

• Saurine TJ, Brewer JM, Eckstein RP 2004 Microscopic colitis with granulomatous inflammation. Histopathology 45: 82-86.

• Schillinger F, Montagnac R, Milcent T 1986 A new case of severe allopurinol toxicity. Nephrologie 7: 214.

• Schnyder B, Zanni MP, Pichler WJ 1997 Drug-induced hypersensitivity syndrome. A review and presentation of 2 personal cases. Schweiz. Med. Wochenschr. 127: 355-359.

• Simmons F, Feldman B, Gerety D 1972 Granulomatous hepatitis in a patient receiving allopurinol. Gastroenterology 62: 101-104.

• Simons RJ Jr 1987 Allopurinol hypersensitivity can be fatal. Pa. Med. 90: 46, 48.

• Singer JZ, Wallace SL 1986 The allopurinol hypersensitivity syndrome. Unnecessary morbidity and mortality. Arthritis Rheum. 29: 82-87.

• Sloan RW 1982 Hyperuricemia and gout. J. Fam. Pract. 14: 923-926, 930-9311, 934.

• Sommers LM, Schoene RB 2002 Allopurinol hypersensitivity syndrome associated with pancreatic exocrine abnormalities and new-onset diabetes mellitus. Arch. Intern. Med. 162: 1190-1192. *

• Spahr L, Bresson-Hadni S, Amann P, Kern I, Golaz O, Frossard JL, Hadengue A 2007 Allopurinol, oxidative stress and intestinal permeability in patients with cirrhosis: an open-label pilot study. Liver Int. 27: 54-60. *

• Sparrow MP, Hande SA, Friedman S, Cao D, Hanauer SB 2007 Effect of allopurinol on clinical outcomes in inflammatory bowel disease nonresponders to azathioprine or 6-mercaptopurine. Clin. Gastroenterol. Hepatol. 5: 209-214.

• Sparrow MP, Hande SA, Friedman S, Lim WC, Reddy SI, Cao D, Hanauer SB 2005 Allopurinol safely and effectively optimizes tioguanine metabolites in inflammatory bowel disease patients not responding to azathioprine and mercaptopurine. Aliment. Pharmacol. Ther. 22: 441-446. *

• Stamp LK, O'Donnell JL, Chapman PT 2007 Emerging therapies in the long-term management of hyperuricaemia and gout. Intern. Med. J. 37: 258-266. *

• Stein CM 1985 Allopurinol hypersensitivity. A case report. S. Afr. Med. J. 67: 935-936.

• Stricker BH, Blok AP, Babany G, Benhamou JP 1989 Fibrin ring granulomas and allopurinol. Gastroenterology 96: 1199-1203.

• Swank LA, Chejfec G, Nemchausky BA 1978 Allopurinol-induced granulomatous hepatitis with cholangitis and a sarcoid-like reaction. Arch. Intern. Med. 138: 997-998.

• Tam S, Carroll W 1989 Allopurinol hepatotoxicity. Am. J. Med. 86: 357-358.

• Tanna SB, Barnes JF, Seth SK 1999 Desensitization to allopurinol in a patient with previous failed desensitization. Ann. Pharmacother. 33: 1180-1183.

• Teml A, Schaeffeler E, Herrlinger KR, Klotz U, Schwab M 2007 Thiopurine treatment in inflammatory bowel disease: clinical pharmacology and implication of pharmacogenetically guided dosing. Clin. Pharmacokinet. 46: 187-208.

• Unsworth J, Blake DR, d'Assis Fonseca AE, Beswick DT 1987 Desensitisation to allopurinol: a cautionary tale. Ann. Rheum. Dis. 46: 646. *

• Urban T, Maquarre E, Housset C, Chouaid C, Devin E, Lebeau B 1995 Allopurinol hypersensitivity. A possible cause of hepatitis and mucocutaneous eruptions in a patient undergoing antitubercular treatment. Rev. Mal. Respir. 12: 314-316.

• Utsinger PD, Young WJ 1976 Allopurinol hypersensitivity. Granular deposition of IgM at the dermal-epidermal junction. Am. J. Med. 61: 287-294.

• Vanderstigel M, Zafrani ES, Lejonc JL, Schaeffer A, Portos JL 1986 Allopurinol hypersensitivity syndrome as a cause of hepatic fibrin-ring granulomas. Gastroenterology 90: 188-190.

• Vazquez-Mellado J, Morales EM, Pacheco-Tena C, Burgos-Vargas R 2001 Relation between adverse events associated with allopurinol and renal function in patients with gout. Ann. Rheum. Dis. 60: 981-983. *

• Vinciullo C 1984 Allopurinol hypersensitivity. Med. J. Aust. 141: 449-450.

• Vinciullo C 1984 Allopurinol hypersensitivity: a potentially life threatening reaction. Australas. J. Dermatol. 25: 59-67.

• Walz-LeBlanc BA, Reynolds WJ, MacFadden DK 1991 Allopurinol sensitivity in a patient with chronic tophaceous gout: success of intravenous desensitization after failure of oral desensitization. Arthritis Rheum. 34: 1329-1331.

• Webster E, Panush RS 1985 Allopurinol hypersensitivity in a patient with severe, chronic, tophaceous gout. Arthritis Rheum. 28: 707-709.

• Witte TN, Ginsberg AL 2008 Use of allopurinol with low-dose 6-mercaptopurine in inflammatory bowel disease to achieve optimal active metabolite levels: a review of four cases and the literature. Can. J. Gastroenterol. 22: 181-185.

• Wong DR, Derijks LJ, den Dulk MO, Gemmeke EH, Hooymans PM 2007 The role of xanthine oxidase in thiopurine metabolism: a case report. Ther. Drug Monit. 29: 845-848.

• Xu DX, Wei W, Sun MF, Wu CY, Wang JP, Wei LZ, Zhou CF 2004 Kupffer cells and reactive oxygen species partially mediate lipopolysaccharide-induced downregulation of nuclear receptor pregnane X receptor and its target gene CYP3a in mouse liver. Free Radic. Biol. Med. 37: 10-22.

• Yoon JY, Min SY, Park JY, Hong SG, Park SJ, Paik SY, Park YM 2008 A case of allopurinol-induced granulomatous hepatitis with ductopenia and cholestasis. Korean J. Hepatol. 14: 97-101.

• Young JL Jr, Boswell RB, Nies AS 1974 Severe allopurinol hypersensitivity. Association with thiazides and prior renal compromise. Arch. Intern. Med. 134: 553-558.

• Zanotto-Filho A, Schröder R, Moreira JC 2008 Xanthine oxidase-dependent ROS production mediates vitamin A pro-oxidant effects in cultured Sertoli cells. Free Radic. Res. 42: 593-601.

• Zell SC, Carmichael JM 1989 Evaluation of allopurinol use in patients with gout. Am. J. Hosp. Pharm. 46: 1813-1816.

Number of references = 158

www psc-literature.org